Master Vocabulary.
Maximize Your CELPIP Score.
Build the vocabulary you need for the CELPIP test. Explore 1,000+ useful words across 20 common CELPIP topics with simple definitions, example sentences and synonyms.

How to use this page
How does vocabulary lift all four CELPIP skills?
Strong vocabulary lifts every CELPIP score: it speeds up Reading, makes Listening easier to follow, and gives you precise choices in Writing and Speaking. The words here are selected for common CELPIP topics and situations, so focus on how each word behaves in its example sentence, not on memorising lists.
- Understand vocabulary in context, not from isolated lists
- Choose accurate words instead of impressive-sounding ones
- Use natural synonyms to avoid repeating basic words
- Learn the everyday and workplace language CELPIP draws on
- Expand your range without forcing complicated vocabulary
Topic 01
Work & Employment50 words
Vocabulary for jobs, hiring, workplace communication and career growth.
| # | Word | Part of speech | Definition | Example sentence | Synonyms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1colleagueNoun | Noun | DefinitionA person you work with at a job. | ExampleAfter the meeting, a colleague from the finance team offered to help me finish the quarterly report. | Synonymscoworkerworkmateteammate |
| 2 | 2supervisorNoun | Noun | DefinitionThe person who directs and checks your work. | ExampleMy supervisor asked me to train the new employees before the store opens on Saturday morning. | Synonymsmanagerboss |
| 3 | 3deadlineNoun | Noun | DefinitionThe date or time when a task must be finished. | ExampleBecause the deadline was moved to Friday, our whole team stayed late to complete the client presentation. | Synonymsdue datetime limit |
| 4 | 4shiftNoun | Noun | DefinitionA set period of work time during the day or night. | ExampleNurses at the downtown hospital often trade weekend shifts so everyone gets some family time each month. | Synonymswork periodstint |
| 5 | 5wageNoun | Noun | DefinitionMoney paid for work, usually by the hour. | ExampleSince the minimum wage went up in Ontario, my part-time job at the bakery pays noticeably more. | Synonymspayearnings |
| 6 | 6salaryNoun | Noun | DefinitionA fixed amount of money an employee receives each year. | ExampleHer new position comes with a higher salary, extended health coverage, and three weeks of paid vacation. | Synonymspayincome |
| 7 | 7overtimeNoun | Noun | DefinitionExtra hours worked beyond your normal schedule. | ExampleDuring the holiday rush, warehouse staff can earn overtime by staying a few extra hours each evening. | Synonymsextra hoursadditional hours |
| 8 | 8promotionNoun | Noun | DefinitionA move to a higher position at work. | ExampleIf you keep leading projects this well, a promotion to team lead could come within the year. | Synonymsadvancementstep up |
| 9 | 9probationNoun | Noun | DefinitionA trial period when a new employee is evaluated. | ExampleNew hires at our office complete three months of probation before their positions become permanent. | Synonymstrial periodevaluation period |
| 10 | 10workloadNoun | Noun | DefinitionThe amount of work a person must do. | ExampleWhen two coworkers went on parental leave, my workload nearly doubled for the rest of the winter. | Synonymsburdenduties |
| 11 | 11qualificationNoun | Noun | DefinitionA skill, degree or experience needed for a job. | ExampleAlthough she had every qualification listed in the posting, the company still asked for Canadian work experience. | Synonymscredentialcertification |
| 12 | 12moraleNoun | Noun | DefinitionThe level of confidence and enthusiasm in a group. | ExampleFree coffee and small monthly celebrations have done wonders for morale in our customer service department. | Synonymsspiritconfidence |
| 13 | 13scheduleNoun | Noun | DefinitionA plan showing when tasks or shifts happen. | ExampleOur manager posts the weekly schedule every Thursday so staff can plan appointments and childcare in advance. | Synonymstimetablecalendar |
| 14 | 14vacancyNoun | Noun | DefinitionA job position that is open and unfilled. | ExampleThere is a vacancy for a delivery driver at the depot, and interviews start next Tuesday afternoon. | Synonymsopeningunfilled position |
| 15 | 15internshipNoun | Noun | DefinitionA short work placement that gives real job experience. | ExampleA summer internship at a local radio station helped my nephew decide on a broadcasting career. | Synonymswork placementtraineeship |
| 16 | 16incentiveNoun | Noun | DefinitionSomething that encourages a person to work harder. | ExampleTo reduce turnover, the restaurant introduced a yearly bonus as an incentive for staff who stay past twelve months. | Synonymsmotivationreward |
| 17 | 17workforceNoun | Noun | DefinitionAll the people who work for a company or country. | ExampleNearly half the workforce at the plant now works four-day weeks under the new pilot program. | Synonymsstaffpersonnel |
| 18 | 18layoffNoun | Noun | DefinitionThe ending of jobs because a company must cut costs. | ExampleNews of layoffs at the mill worried the whole town, since few other employers pay as well. | Synonymsjob cutredundancy |
| 19 | 19referenceNoun | Noun | DefinitionA person who confirms your skills and experience to a new employer. | ExampleBefore applying, ask your former supervisor to act as a reference for the hospital position. | Synonymsrefereerecommender |
| 20 | 20resignVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo officially leave your job by choice. | ExampleShe resigned from her retail job last month to focus on finishing her nursing diploma. | Synonymsquitstep down |
| 21 | 21recruitVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo find and hire new people for jobs. | ExampleEvery spring, the landscaping company recruits students who want steady outdoor work until September. | Synonymshireenlist |
| 22 | 22hireVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo give a person a paid job. | ExampleThe clinic plans to hire two more receptionists because patient visits have grown steadily this year. | Synonymsemployengage |
| 23 | 23delegateVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo give part of your work to someone else. | ExampleGood team leads delegate smaller tasks so they can concentrate on planning and client meetings. | Synonymsassignhand over |
| 24 | 24collaborateVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo work together with others on a shared task. | ExampleDesigners and engineers collaborated for six weeks to get the new app ready for launch. | Synonymscooperateteam up |
| 25 | 25undergoVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo experience or go through a process. | ExampleAll warehouse employees undergo safety training before they are allowed to operate the forklifts. | Synonymsexperiencego through |
| 26 | 26complyVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo follow a rule, order or request. | ExampleBusinesses that fail to comply with fire regulations may face steep fines from the city. | Synonymsobeyconform |
| 27 | 27prioritizeVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo decide which tasks are most important to do first. | ExampleWith three projects due the same week, I had to prioritize the client work over internal reports. | Synonymsrankput first |
| 28 | 28allocateVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo give out time, money or resources for a purpose. | ExampleManagement allocated part of the training budget to a workshop on customer communication skills. | Synonymsassigndistribute |
| 29 | 29facilitateVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo make a process easier or run more smoothly. | ExampleA shared online calendar facilitates scheduling between our Vancouver office and the team in Halifax. | Synonymseasestreamline |
| 30 | 30motivateVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo make someone want to work hard. | ExamplePublic praise at staff meetings motivates employees far more than managers usually expect. | Synonymsinspireencourage |
| 31 | 31multitaskVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo handle several tasks at the same time. | ExampleReceptionists must multitask constantly, answering phones while greeting visitors and booking appointments. | Synonymsjugglebalance |
| 32 | 32coordinateVerb | Verb | DefinitionTo organize people or activities so they work well together. | ExampleHead office coordinates delivery routes with local drivers to avoid missed appointments during winter storms. | Synonymsorganizearrange |
| 33 | 33productiveAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionGetting a lot of useful work done. | ExampleI feel most productive in the morning, so I schedule difficult tasks before lunch whenever possible. | Synonymsefficientindustrious |
| 34 | 34flexibleAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionAble to change or adapt easily when needed. | ExampleFlexible start times let parents drop their children at school before heading in to work. | Synonymsadaptableadjustable |
| 35 | 35substantialAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionLarge in amount, size or importance. | ExampleMoving the office outside downtown produced substantial savings on rent and parking for the firm. | Synonymsconsiderablesizeable |
| 36 | 36competentAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionHaving the skill to do something well. | ExampleAfter a year on the job, she felt fully competent handling even the most difficult customer complaints. | Synonymscapableskilled |
| 37 | 37demandingAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionNeeding a lot of time, effort or attention. | ExampleParamedic work is demanding, yet many say helping people makes every long shift worthwhile. | Synonymstaxingtough |
| 38 | 38efficientAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionWorking well without wasting time or resources. | ExampleAn efficient filing system saved the payroll team nearly an hour of searching every single day. | Synonymsstreamlinedorganized |
| 39 | 39part-timeAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionWorking fewer hours than a full weekly schedule. | ExampleMany students take part-time jobs at the mall to cover transit passes and phone bills. | Synonymscasualreduced-hours |
| 40 | 40temporaryAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionLasting for a limited time only. | ExampleHe accepted a temporary contract at the museum, hoping it would turn into permanent work. | Synonymsshort-terminterim |
| 41 | 41permanentAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionLasting or intended to last without ending. | ExampleOnce her position became permanent, she finally qualified for dental coverage and paid sick days. | Synonymslastingongoing |
| 42 | 42understaffedAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionNot having enough workers to handle the work. | ExampleEmergency rooms across the province remain understaffed, which leads to long waits on busy weekends. | Synonymsshort-handedundermanned |
| 43 | 43rewardingAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionGiving satisfaction or a feeling of achievement. | ExampleTeaching new hires is rewarding because you watch their confidence grow with every shift. | Synonymssatisfyingfulfilling |
| 44 | 44stressfulAdjective | Adjective | DefinitionCausing a lot of worry and mental pressure. | ExampleCall centre work can be stressful, so the company offers quiet rooms and counselling support. | Synonymstensenerve-racking |
| 45 | 45promptlyAdverb | Adverb | DefinitionQuickly, on time and without delay. | ExamplePlease reply promptly to the client's email so we can confirm the order before the long weekend. | Synonymsquicklyimmediatelyswiftly |
| 46 | 46remotelyAdverb | Adverb | DefinitionFrom a distance, especially working away from the office. | ExampleSince 2021, half our accounting team has worked remotely from small towns across British Columbia. | Synonymsfrom homeoff-site |
| 47 | 47take onPhrasal verb | Phrasal verb | DefinitionTo accept extra work or responsibility. | ExampleRather than hiring another clerk, the owner took on the bookkeeping himself over the winter. | Synonymsacceptshoulder |
| 48 | 48fill inPhrasal verb | Phrasal verb | DefinitionTo do someone's job while they are away. | ExampleCould you fill in for Priya at the front desk on Friday while she attends a training session? | Synonymscoversubstitute |
| 49 | 49hand inPhrasal verb | Phrasal verb | DefinitionTo give a document to a person in charge. | ExampleHe handed in his resignation on Monday after accepting a better offer from a competitor. | Synonymssubmitturn in |
| 50 | 50burn outPhrasal verb | Phrasal verb | DefinitionTo become exhausted from too much work over time. | ExampleWorkers who never take vacations often burn out within a few years, no matter how much they love the job. | Synonymswear outbreak down |
Topic 2: Education
Words for schools, courses, studying and lifelong learning in Canada.
- tuition (noun)
- The money paid to take courses at a school. Example: College tuition rose again this fall, so many students are working weekend shifts to keep up. Synonyms: fees, course costs.
- semester (noun)
- One of the main study periods in a school year. Example: During the winter semester, evening classes fill quickly because most students work during the day. Synonyms: term, session.
- assignment (noun)
- A piece of work given to students to complete. Example: Our instructor posts each assignment online with a checklist, which makes the requirements easy to follow. Synonyms: task, project.
- lecture (noun)
- A talk given to a class to teach a subject. Example: Recordings of every lecture are available online, so missing one class is no longer a disaster. Synonyms: talk, presentation.
- diploma (noun)
- An official document showing you finished a program of study. Example: With a two-year diploma in early childhood education, she found daycare work within a month. Synonyms: credential, qualification.
- curriculum (noun)
- The full set of subjects taught in a program. Example: Parents praised the new elementary curriculum for adding financial basics and coding to regular lessons. Synonyms: syllabus, course plan.
- scholarship (noun)
- Money given to a student to help pay for education. Example: Her volleyball scholarship covers tuition, but she still budgets carefully for rent and textbooks. Synonyms: grant, bursary.
- literacy (noun)
- The ability to read and write. Example: The library runs free adult literacy classes twice a week in the community room. Synonyms: reading ability, reading skills.
- instructor (noun)
- A person who teaches a course or skill. Example: My driving instructor stays calm even when nervous students stall the car in busy intersections. Synonyms: teacher, trainer.
- workshop (noun)
- A short practical class where people learn by doing. Example: The settlement agency offers a free workshop on preparing résumés for the Canadian job market. Synonyms: training session, seminar.
- comprehension (noun)
- The ability to understand what you read or hear. Example: Listening to local radio every morning slowly built up my comprehension of fast Canadian speech. Synonyms: understanding, grasp.
- attendance (noun)
- Being present at classes or events. Example: Attendance counts for ten percent of the final grade, so skipping tutorials is a costly habit. Synonyms: presence, turnout.
- transcript (noun)
- An official record of your courses and grades. Example: Order your official transcript early, because the university takes two weeks to process each request. Synonyms: academic record, grade report.
- certificate (noun)
- A document proving you completed a course or training. Example: After eight Saturdays of first aid training, everyone received a certificate valid for three years. Synonyms: credential, diploma.
- mentor (noun)
- An experienced person who guides someone less experienced. Example: Each first-year apprentice is paired with a mentor who checks in every couple of weeks. Synonyms: advisor, coach.
- orientation (noun)
- An introduction event for people starting something new. Example: At college orientation, volunteers hand out campus maps, bus schedules and free pancakes. Synonyms: introduction, welcome session.
- prerequisite (noun)
- A course or condition required before starting something else. Example: Biology 101 is a prerequisite for the nursing program, so plan your first year carefully. Synonyms: requirement, precondition.
- apprenticeship (noun)
- Paid training where you learn a trade from experts. Example: An apprenticeship in plumbing lets you earn wages while working toward full trade certification. Synonyms: traineeship, placement.
- assessment (noun)
- A test or task used to measure learning. Example: Instead of one big exam, the course uses short weekly assessments that keep everyone on track. Synonyms: evaluation, test.
- elective (noun)
- A course you choose rather than one that is required. Example: She picked photography as her elective because every other course on her schedule felt heavy. Synonyms: optional course, chosen subject.
- proficiency (noun)
- A high level of skill in something, especially language. Example: Employers often ask for proof of English proficiency before offering newcomers a customer-facing role. Synonyms: mastery, competence.
- enrol (verb)
- To officially join a course, school or program. Example: Newcomers can enrol in free language classes at the settlement centre on Main Street. Synonyms: register, join.
- revise (verb)
- To change written work to make it better. Example: Before submitting her essay, she revised the introduction twice until the argument sounded convincing. Synonyms: edit, rework.
- graduate (verb)
- To successfully finish a school or degree program. Example: My cousin graduates from Humber College in June and already has two job interviews lined up. Synonyms: finish school, complete studies.
- memorize (verb)
- To learn something so you remember it exactly. Example: Rather than memorizing whole sentences, learn common phrases and practise using them in real conversations. Synonyms: learn by heart, commit to memory.
- submit (verb)
- To send in work for checking or marking. Example: Students must submit final projects through the online portal before midnight on December fifth. Synonyms: hand in, turn in.
- concentrate (verb)
- To give your full attention to one thing. Example: It is hard to concentrate in the campus library during exam week because every seat is taken. Synonyms: focus, pay attention.
- inspire (verb)
- To make someone feel eager to do something. Example: A single chemistry teacher inspired her to pursue a science degree at the University of Alberta. Synonyms: motivate, encourage.
- cram (verb)
- To study a lot in a short time before a test. Example: Instead of cramming the night before, review your notes for twenty minutes after every class. Synonyms: study hard, drill.
- excel (verb)
- To do extremely well at something. Example: With steady practice and helpful feedback, he began to excel in his evening accounting course. Synonyms: shine, stand out.
- pursue (verb)
- To work toward a goal over time. Example: After ten years in construction, he decided to pursue a teaching career through night classes. Synonyms: follow, work toward.
- acquire (verb)
- To gain knowledge or skills through effort or experience. Example: Volunteering at the food bank helped her acquire customer service skills without any formal training. Synonyms: gain, pick up.
- tutor (verb)
- To teach one student or a small group privately. Example: On Tuesday evenings she tutors high school students in math at the public library. Synonyms: coach, instruct.
- mandatory (adjective)
- Required by a rule, not optional. Example: Safety orientation is mandatory for every student before using the college's woodworking equipment. Synonyms: compulsory, required.
- academic (adjective)
- Connected with education, study and school subjects. Example: Her academic results improved once she joined a quiet study group that meets twice weekly. Synonyms: scholastic, educational.
- extracurricular (adjective)
- Happening at school but outside regular classes. Example: Extracurricular activities like debate club and soccer look great on scholarship applications. Synonyms: after-school, recreational.
- bilingual (adjective)
- Able to use two languages well. Example: Bilingual graduates who speak English and French have an edge for federal government jobs in Ottawa. Synonyms: dual-language, multilingual.
- attentive (adjective)
- Listening and watching carefully with full interest. Example: Attentive students noticed the exam date change that the professor mentioned quickly at the end of class. Synonyms: alert, observant.
- diligent (adjective)
- Working carefully and steadily without giving up. Example: Being diligent about small daily reviews beats desperate last-minute studying every single time. Synonyms: hard-working, conscientious.
- rigorous (adjective)
- Thorough, strict and demanding in standards. Example: The paramedic program is rigorous, combining tough coursework with long practical shifts in ambulances. Synonyms: demanding, exacting.
- interactive (adjective)
- Involving people responding and taking part actively. Example: Learners stay engaged longer when lessons are interactive, with polls, group tasks and quick quizzes. Synonyms: participatory, hands-on.
- hands-on (adjective)
- Learning by doing things yourself rather than watching. Example: Culinary school is mostly hands-on, so students spend far more time cooking than reading. Synonyms: practical, applied.
- optional (adjective)
- Available to choose but not required. Example: Attendance at the review session is optional, yet almost everyone shows up before final exams. Synonyms: voluntary, elective.
- introductory (adjective)
- Designed for beginners starting a subject. Example: Take the introductory computer course first if you have never used spreadsheets at work before. Synonyms: beginner, basic.
- fluently (adverb)
- Smoothly and easily, without stopping to think. Example: After two years of practice at her retail job, she now speaks English fluently with customers. Synonyms: smoothly, effortlessly.
- thoroughly (adverb)
- Completely and with attention to every detail. Example: Read the exam instructions thoroughly, because several questions ask for two answers, not one. Synonyms: completely, carefully.
- drop out (phrasal verb)
- To leave school or a course before finishing. Example: Money troubles forced him to drop out of college, but he returned to finish his diploma at thirty. Synonyms: quit, withdraw.
- catch up (phrasal verb)
- To reach the level of others after falling behind. Example: Missing two weeks with the flu meant she spent every evening catching up on class notes. Synonyms: get up to speed, close the gap.
- sign up (phrasal verb)
- To put your name on a list to join something. Example: Sign up early for the pottery class at the community centre because spots disappear within days. Synonyms: register, enlist.
- fall behind (phrasal verb)
- To fail to keep pace with work or studies. Example: Students who skip the weekly readings often fall behind by midterm and struggle to recover. Synonyms: lag, trail.
Topic 3: Health & Healthcare
Vocabulary for clinics, symptoms, treatment and staying healthy.
- appointment (noun)
- A planned time to meet a doctor or professional. Example: My mother booked an appointment with her family doctor for next Tuesday morning. Synonyms: booking, meeting.
- clinic (noun)
- A place where people get medical care without staying overnight. Example: Our neighbourhood clinic offers walk-in visits every weekday until eight in the evening. Synonyms: practice, medical centre.
- prescription (noun)
- A doctor's written order for a specific medicine. Example: After the checkup, the doctor handed me a prescription for stronger allergy pills. Synonyms: order, script.
- pharmacy (noun)
- A store where medicines are prepared and sold. Example: Because the pharmacy closes early on Sundays, I picked up my pills on Saturday. Synonyms: drugstore, dispensary.
- symptom (noun)
- A sign in your body that shows you may be ill. Example: A persistent cough is often the first symptom that a cold is developing. Synonyms: sign, indication.
- diagnosis (noun)
- A doctor's judgement about what illness a person has. Example: After reviewing my scans, the specialist gave a clear diagnosis of the shoulder problem. Synonyms: finding, identification.
- treatment (noun)
- The care or method used to cure an illness or injury. Example: Physiotherapy turned out to be the best treatment for my sister's knee injury. Synonyms: care, therapy.
- recovery (noun)
- The process of getting well again after illness or injury. Example: Plenty of rest and fluids helped speed up her recovery from the flu. Synonyms: healing, rehabilitation.
- checkup (noun)
- A routine medical examination to confirm you are healthy. Example: Annual checkups can catch health problems early, long before serious symptoms appear. Synonyms: examination, physical.
- specialist (noun)
- A doctor trained deeply in one area of medicine. Example: My family doctor referred me to a heart specialist after the second dizzy spell. Synonyms: expert, consultant.
- referral (noun)
- A note sending a patient to another doctor or service. Example: You usually need a referral from your family doctor before seeing a specialist. Synonyms: recommendation, introduction.
- vaccine (noun)
- A substance that protects the body against a disease. Example: Local pharmacies now offer the seasonal flu vaccine at no cost to residents. Synonyms: immunization, shot.
- fatigue (noun)
- A feeling of deep tiredness or lack of energy. Example: After weeks of overtime, the constant fatigue made it hard to focus at work. Synonyms: exhaustion, tiredness.
- injury (noun)
- Physical harm or damage to the body. Example: Our coach rested the player for two weeks to let the ankle injury settle. Synonyms: wound, harm.
- wellness (noun)
- The state of being healthy in body and mind. Example: Our workplace launched a wellness program that includes yoga classes and healthy snacks. Synonyms: health, well-being.
- therapy (noun)
- Treatment that helps someone recover or cope over time. Example: Talk therapy gave my uncle useful tools for managing his anxiety after retirement. Synonyms: counselling, healing.
- dosage (noun)
- The amount of medicine to take at one time. Example: Always follow the dosage printed on the label unless your doctor advises otherwise. Synonyms: quantity, amount.
- ailment (noun)
- A minor or ongoing illness. Example: Common winter ailments like colds and sore throats spread quickly through the daycare. Synonyms: illness, condition.
- heal (verb)
- To become healthy again, or make something well. Example: Deep cuts heal faster when you keep them clean and properly covered. Synonyms: mend, recover.
- inject (verb)
- To put medicine into the body using a needle. Example: A nurse will inject the vaccine into your upper arm within a few seconds. Synonyms: administer, jab.
- examine (verb)
- To look at a patient closely to check their health. Example: Before prescribing anything, the doctor will examine your throat and listen to your chest. Synonyms: inspect, assess.
- relieve (verb)
- To reduce pain or an unpleasant feeling. Example: A warm compress can relieve the aching muscles after a long shift on your feet. Synonyms: ease, lessen.
- monitor (verb)
- To watch a condition carefully over time. Example: Nurses monitor a new mother's blood pressure closely during the first hours after delivery. Synonyms: track, observe.
- recuperate (verb)
- To rest and get your strength back after illness. Example: She took a week off to recuperate fully before returning to her busy classroom. Synonyms: recover, convalesce.
- hospitalize (verb)
- To admit someone into a hospital for care. Example: Doctors decided to hospitalize the elderly patient overnight to watch for further symptoms. Synonyms: admit, confine.
- soothe (verb)
- To make pain or worry gentler and calmer. Example: Honey and warm water can soothe a scratchy throat during cold season. Synonyms: calm, comfort.
- sanitize (verb)
- To clean something so germs cannot spread. Example: Staff sanitize the shared equipment at the gym after every group class. Synonyms: disinfect, sterilize.
- medicate (verb)
- To treat an illness by giving medicine. Example: Doctors prefer not to medicate mild fevers that the body can handle on its own. Synonyms: treat, dose.
- consult (verb)
- To ask a professional for advice or help. Example: If the rash spreads any further, consult your pharmacist before trying another cream. Synonyms: confer, ask.
- numb (verb)
- To take away feeling in a part of the body. Example: My dentist used gel to numb my gums before giving the injection. Synonyms: deaden, freeze.
- swell (verb)
- To grow larger because of injury or fluid. Example: If your ankle begins to swell, raise it and apply ice right away. Synonyms: expand, bloat.
- screen (verb)
- To test people for a disease before symptoms show. Example: Health officials plan to screen more adults for diabetes during routine visits. Synonyms: test, check.
- chronic (adjective)
- Lasting a long time or coming back often. Example: Managing a chronic condition like asthma means taking medicine even on good days. Synonyms: persistent, long-term.
- urgent (adjective)
- Needing quick action or attention. Example: Chest pain is an urgent warning sign that should never be ignored. Synonyms: pressing, critical.
- preventive (adjective)
- Meant to stop illness before it starts. Example: Regular exercise and good sleep are simple preventive steps for lasting health. Synonyms: protective, precautionary.
- immune (adjective)
- Protected against a particular disease. Example: Once you recover from chickenpox, you are usually immune to it for life. Synonyms: resistant, protected.
- contagious (adjective)
- Easily spread from one person to another. Example: Since the flu spreads so easily, sick staff are asked to stay home. Synonyms: infectious, catching.
- sore (adjective)
- Painful or tender, especially when touched. Example: My arm felt sore for a day after the vaccine, which is completely normal. Synonyms: tender, aching.
- inflamed (adjective)
- Red, swollen and painful because of injury or infection. Example: The nurse noticed the wound looked inflamed and prescribed a course of antibiotics. Synonyms: swollen, irritated.
- dizzy (adjective)
- Feeling like you might fall or spin around. Example: Standing up too quickly can leave you dizzy if you are dehydrated. Synonyms: lightheaded, faint.
- queasy (adjective)
- Feeling slightly sick in the stomach. Example: That bumpy bus ride to the clinic left several passengers feeling rather queasy. Synonyms: nauseated, unsettled.
- frail (adjective)
- Weak and easily harmed, often from age or illness. Example: Home-care nurses check on frail seniors daily to make sure they eat and take their medicine. Synonyms: weak, delicate.
- feverish (adjective)
- Having a higher body temperature than normal. Example: Our toddler felt feverish overnight, so we kept him home from daycare. Synonyms: hot, flushed.
- hygienic (adjective)
- Clean in a way that keeps you healthy. Example: Washing your hands before meals is a simple, hygienic habit worth teaching children. Synonyms: sanitary, clean.
- gradually (adverb)
- Slowly, over a period of time. Example: After surgery, patients are encouraged to gradually increase their walking each day. Synonyms: slowly, steadily.
- severely (adverb)
- To a very serious or great degree. Example: The hiker was severely dehydrated by the time paramedics reached the trail. Synonyms: seriously, badly.
- acutely (adverb)
- Very strongly or sharply. Example: She was acutely aware of every ache while waiting for her test results. Synonyms: intensely, sharply.
- come down with (phrasal verb)
- To start to have an illness. Example: Half the office seems to come down with a cold whenever the weather turns. Synonyms: catch, contract.
- pass out (phrasal verb)
- To suddenly lose consciousness for a short time. Example: If you skip breakfast before donating blood, you might pass out at the clinic. Synonyms: faint, black out.
- get over (phrasal verb)
- To recover from an illness or hardship. Example: It took my grandfather a month to get over the pneumonia completely. Synonyms: recover from, shake off.
Topic 4: Environment
Words for climate, conservation, recycling and community green initiatives.
- pollution (noun)
- Harmful substances that damage air, water or land. Example: Traffic pollution downtown has pushed the city to expand its bike-lane network. Synonyms: contamination, impurity.
- emission (noun)
- Gas or a substance released into the air, often harmful. Example: New factories must keep their carbon emissions well below the strict provincial limits. Synonyms: discharge, release.
- compost (noun)
- Rotted food and plant waste used to enrich soil. Example: We keep a small bin of compost under the sink for vegetable peels and coffee grounds. Synonyms: fertilizer, mulch.
- conservation (noun)
- The careful protection of nature and resources. Example: Local conservation groups planted native trees along the riverbank early last spring. Synonyms: protection, preservation.
- climate (noun)
- The usual weather pattern of a place over many years. Example: Scientists warn that a warming climate is shrinking glaciers across western Canada. Synonyms: weather pattern, conditions.
- wildlife (noun)
- Wild animals living in their natural surroundings. Example: Drivers are asked to slow down at dusk, when wildlife often crosses rural roads. Synonyms: animals, fauna.
- habitat (noun)
- The natural home of an animal or plant. Example: Draining the marsh destroyed the habitat of dozens of local bird species. Synonyms: surroundings, home.
- landfill (noun)
- A large site where garbage is buried. Example: Sorting recyclables properly keeps tonnes of plastic out of the city landfill each year. Synonyms: dump, garbage site.
- drought (noun)
- A long period with little or no rain. Example: Farmers in the prairies lost much of their crop during last summer's severe drought. Synonyms: dry spell, dryness.
- deforestation (noun)
- The clearing of large areas of forest. Example: Rapid deforestation removes the trees that soak up rainfall and hold soil in place. Synonyms: clearing, logging.
- disposal (noun)
- The act of getting rid of waste. Example: Proper disposal of old batteries keeps toxic metals out of the water supply. Synonyms: removal, dumping.
- shortage (noun)
- A situation where there is not enough of something. Example: A water shortage during the heat wave forced the town to ban lawn sprinklers. Synonyms: scarcity, lack.
- ecosystem (noun)
- A community of living things and their surroundings. Example: Even a small oil spill can throw a river ecosystem badly out of balance. Synonyms: biome, natural system.
- smog (noun)
- A mix of smoke and fog that dirties the air. Example: On hot, still days, smog settles over the highway and irritates people's lungs. Synonyms: haze, fumes.
- sewage (noun)
- Dirty water and waste carried away in drains. Example: Heavy storms sometimes overwhelm the pipes and push raw sewage into the harbour. Synonyms: wastewater, effluent.
- runoff (noun)
- Rainwater that flows over land into rivers or drains. Example: Fertilizer washed into the farm runoff feeds the algae that chokes nearby lakes. Synonyms: drainage, overflow.
- erosion (noun)
- The gradual wearing away of soil or rock. Example: Planting grass along the slope slowed the erosion caused by heavy spring rain. Synonyms: weathering, wearing away.
- footprint (noun)
- The total amount of harm your actions do to nature. Example: Cycling to work instead of driving shrinks your household's carbon footprint quite noticeably. Synonyms: toll, mark.
- recycle (verb)
- To treat used items so they can be used again. Example: Residents can recycle glass, cardboard and cans in the blue bins each week. Synonyms: reprocess, repurpose.
- preserve (verb)
- To keep something safe from harm or loss. Example: Volunteers cleared away invasive weeds to preserve the meadow's delicate native wildflowers. Synonyms: protect, conserve.
- contaminate (verb)
- To make something dirty or unsafe with harmful matter. Example: Leaking fuel tanks can contaminate the groundwater that nearby wells depend on. Synonyms: pollute, taint.
- deplete (verb)
- To use up a supply until little is left. Example: Overfishing can deplete cod stocks faster than they are able to recover. Synonyms: exhaust, drain.
- reuse (verb)
- To use something again instead of throwing it away. Example: Shoppers who reuse cloth bags help stores cut down on single-use plastic. Synonyms: repurpose, reclaim.
- dwindle (verb)
- To become steadily smaller or fewer. Example: As the wetlands vanish, the number of nesting frogs continues to dwindle. Synonyms: shrink, diminish.
- replenish (verb)
- To fill something up again after it is used. Example: Winter snow helps replenish the reservoirs that supply the city with drinking water. Synonyms: refill, restock.
- harvest (verb)
- To gather a crop or collect a natural resource. Example: Some homes now harvest rainwater in barrels to water their gardens all summer. Synonyms: gather, collect.
- offset (verb)
- To balance out something harmful with something helpful. Example: Many airlines now let travellers offset their flight emissions by funding tree-planting projects. Synonyms: counterbalance, neutralize.
- restore (verb)
- To bring something back to its original good state. Example: Crews worked all season to restore the salmon stream to its natural flow. Synonyms: revive, renew.
- purify (verb)
- To make something clean and free of harmful matter. Example: Wetlands naturally purify runoff before it reaches the river that supplies our town's drinking water. Synonyms: cleanse, filter.
- reforest (verb)
- To plant trees again where a forest was lost. Example: Crews worked all spring to reforest the burned hillside before the heavy autumn rains returned. Synonyms: replant, afforest.
- salvage (verb)
- To rescue useful material from waste or ruin. Example: Workers salvage metal and wood from demolished houses instead of trashing everything. Synonyms: reclaim, recover.
- sustainable (adjective)
- Able to continue long-term without harming nature. Example: Sustainable farming slowly rebuilds the soil rather than stripping it of vital nutrients. Synonyms: long-lasting, viable.
- renewable (adjective)
- Able to be replaced naturally and never run out. Example: Wind and solar are renewable sources that will not run dry like oil. Synonyms: inexhaustible, unlimited.
- biodegradable (adjective)
- Able to break down naturally without harming the environment. Example: The café switched to biodegradable cups that rot down in a compost pile. Synonyms: compostable, decomposable.
- eco-friendly (adjective)
- Not harmful to the natural world. Example: Many families choose eco-friendly cleaners that are gentler on rivers and skin. Synonyms: green, non-polluting.
- toxic (adjective)
- Poisonous and harmful to living things. Example: Old paint often contains toxic lead, so it needs special handling at the depot. Synonyms: poisonous, harmful.
- scarce (adjective)
- Hard to find because there is very little. Example: Clean drinking water becomes scarce in the region during long, dry summers. Synonyms: limited, sparse.
- endangered (adjective)
- At serious risk of dying out completely. Example: Logging near the old-growth stand now threatens several endangered local bird species. Synonyms: threatened, vanishing.
- hazardous (adjective)
- Dangerous, especially to health or safety. Example: Paint, motor oil and batteries count as hazardous waste and need separate drop-off. Synonyms: dangerous, unsafe.
- wasteful (adjective)
- Using more than is needed and creating waste. Example: Leaving the tap running while brushing your teeth is a wasteful daily habit. Synonyms: extravagant, uneconomical.
- solar (adjective)
- Using energy from the sun. Example: Our neighbours installed solar panels that cover most of their summer electricity bills. Synonyms: sun-powered, photovoltaic.
- ecological (adjective)
- Relating to the natural balance of living things. Example: Removing the wetland would cause ecological damage that could take decades to reverse. Synonyms: environmental, green.
- pristine (adjective)
- Perfectly clean and untouched. Example: Hikers are urged to keep the alpine meadows pristine by packing out all garbage. Synonyms: unspoiled, immaculate.
- arid (adjective)
- Very dry, with little rainfall. Example: Crops struggle in the arid interior unless farmers rely on steady irrigation. Synonyms: dry, parched.
- globally (adverb)
- In a way that affects the whole world. Example: Plastic waste is now found globally, even in the deepest ocean trenches. Synonyms: worldwide, internationally.
- responsibly (adverb)
- In a careful, sensible way that avoids harm. Example: If everyone disposed of waste responsibly, our beaches would stay far cleaner. Synonyms: sensibly, carefully.
- drastically (adverb)
- In a way that shows a very large change. Example: Recycling programs drastically reduced the amount of plastic our neighbourhood sends to the landfill each year. Synonyms: dramatically, sharply.
- throw away (phrasal verb)
- To get rid of something you no longer want. Example: Rather than throw away worn clothes, donate them to a local shelter. Synonyms: discard, dispose of.
- wipe out (phrasal verb)
- To completely destroy or remove something. Example: A single oil spill can wipe out the fish that families along the coast depend on. Synonyms: destroy, eliminate.
- clean up (phrasal verb)
- To remove dirt, mess or pollution from a place. Example: Hundreds of volunteers turned out to clean up the shoreline last Saturday. Synonyms: tidy, clear up.
Topic 5: Technology
Vocabulary for devices, software, the internet and digital life.
- device (noun)
- A piece of equipment made for a particular purpose. Example: My grandmother finally learned to video-call us on her new tablet device. Synonyms: gadget, appliance.
- software (noun)
- The programs that tell a computer what to do. Example: Our accountant switched to cloud software so the whole team can share files. Synonyms: program, application.
- password (noun)
- A secret set of characters that unlocks an account. Example: Choose a long password that mixes letters, numbers and symbols for better protection. Synonyms: passcode, access code.
- network (noun)
- A group of computers or devices connected together. Example: Guests can join our home network using the code taped inside the cupboard. Synonyms: system, connection.
- backup (noun)
- A spare copy of data kept in case of loss. Example: Keep a backup of your photos on an external drive before updating the phone. Synonyms: copy, duplicate.
- cybersecurity (noun)
- The practice of protecting computers from online attacks. Example: After the data breach, the worried bank spent millions strengthening its aging cybersecurity. Synonyms: data protection, online security.
- notification (noun)
- A short message alerting you to new activity. Example: Turn off notification sounds at night so late messages do not wake you. Synonyms: alert, reminder.
- glitch (noun)
- A small, sudden fault in how something works. Example: A minor glitch in the app logged everyone out during the lunch-hour rush. Synonyms: bug, fault.
- malfunction (noun)
- A failure to work in the normal way. Example: A sudden printer malfunction delayed the boarding passes for nearly twenty waiting travellers. Synonyms: breakdown, fault.
- hardware (noun)
- The physical parts of a computer or machine. Example: Ancient hardware was the reason the classroom computers kept freezing during every lesson. Synonyms: equipment, components.
- browser (noun)
- A program used to look at websites. Example: Clearing your browser history now and then can speed up slow web pages. Synonyms: web client, navigator.
- bandwidth (noun)
- The amount of data a connection can carry. Example: Streaming films in the evening eats up most of our household's bandwidth. Synonyms: capacity, data rate.
- server (noun)
- A powerful computer that stores or sends data to others. Example: When the server went down, staff could not open a single shared document. Synonyms: host, mainframe.
- gadget (noun)
- A small, clever electronic tool or device. Example: Every year some new gadget promises to organize our messy schedules for us. Synonyms: gizmo, contraption.
- algorithm (noun)
- A set of steps a computer follows to solve a task. Example: A recommendation algorithm decides which videos appear at the top of your feed. Synonyms: procedure, formula.
- interface (noun)
- The screen and controls you use to work a device. Example: A cluttered interface frustrates most users and drives them toward far simpler apps. Synonyms: layout, controls.
- database (noun)
- An organized store of information on a computer. Example: Staff update the customer database whenever someone changes a phone or mailing address. Synonyms: data store, records.
- firewall (noun)
- A barrier that blocks unwanted access to a network. Example: A strong firewall stops most hackers from reaching the company's private files. Synonyms: barrier, shield.
- upgrade (verb)
- To replace something with a newer, better version. Example: We plan to upgrade the store's checkout system before the holiday rush. Synonyms: modernize, enhance.
- install (verb)
- To set up software or equipment so it is ready to use. Example: Technicians will install the new security cameras throughout the underground parking garage tomorrow. Synonyms: fit, load.
- browse (verb)
- To look through web pages or items casually. Example: During the flight delay, passengers browsed the internet using the airport's free wifi. Synonyms: surf, skim.
- download (verb)
- To copy files from the internet onto a device. Example: Download the boarding pass before you leave home in case the wifi drops. Synonyms: save, retrieve.
- troubleshoot (verb)
- To find and fix the cause of a problem. Example: Our IT team spent an hour trying to troubleshoot the frozen payroll system. Synonyms: diagnose, debug.
- automate (verb)
- To make a task run by machine without human effort. Example: Small businesses can automate invoices so reminders are sent out on their own. Synonyms: mechanize, streamline.
- sync (verb)
- To match data across devices so it stays the same. Example: Photos taken on the phone automatically sync to the laptop within seconds. Synonyms: match up, align.
- reboot (verb)
- To turn a device off and on again to fix it. Example: If the tablet freezes, reboot it by holding the power button for ten seconds. Synonyms: restart, reset.
- encrypt (verb)
- To scramble data so only authorized people can read it. Example: Banks encrypt your details so thieves cannot read them if messages are intercepted. Synonyms: encode, scramble.
- configure (verb)
- To set up a device or program the way you want. Example: You can configure the printer to email scans straight to your inbox. Synonyms: arrange, adjust.
- crash (verb)
- To stop working suddenly and completely. Example: My laptop chose to crash just minutes before the quarterly report was due. Synonyms: freeze, fail.
- hack (verb)
- To break into a computer system without permission. Example: Scammers try to hack email accounts by tricking people into sharing passwords. Synonyms: break into, breach.
- activate (verb)
- To make a feature or service start working. Example: Text the code to activate your new bus pass on the transit app. Synonyms: enable, switch on.
- virtual (adjective)
- Existing on a computer rather than in the physical world. Example: Many clinics added virtual visits so patients can see a doctor from home. Synonyms: online, simulated.
- compatible (adjective)
- Able to work together with something else. Example: Check that the charger is compatible with your model before buying it. Synonyms: matching, suited.
- wireless (adjective)
- Working without connecting cables or wires. Example: A wireless keyboard clears the tangle of cords and cables from your desk. Synonyms: cordless, cable-free.
- outdated (adjective)
- No longer modern or useful. Example: An outdated browser can leave your online accounts wide open to serious threats. Synonyms: old-fashioned, dated.
- innovative (adjective)
- Using clever new ideas or methods. Example: An innovative city app now lets riders report potholes with a single tap. Synonyms: inventive, groundbreaking.
- digital (adjective)
- Using computer technology and electronic signals. Example: Libraries lend digital books that vanish from your device when the loan ends. Synonyms: electronic, computerized.
- portable (adjective)
- Light and easy to carry from place to place. Example: A portable charger keeps your phone alive during long days away from outlets. Synonyms: mobile, handheld.
- user-friendly (adjective)
- Simple and pleasant to use. Example: Seniors praised the clinic's user-friendly booking site for its large, clear buttons. Synonyms: easy-to-use, accessible.
- obsolete (adjective)
- So old-fashioned it is no longer used. Example: Fax machines are nearly obsolete now that documents travel instantly by email. Synonyms: outmoded, defunct.
- seamless (adjective)
- Smooth, with no awkward gaps or problems. Example: Riders enjoy a seamless transfer when one tap pays for bus and train alike. Synonyms: smooth, effortless.
- cloud-based (adjective)
- Stored and run on the internet, not one machine. Example: A cloud-based calendar lets the whole family see who is free this weekend. Synonyms: online, web-hosted.
- high-tech (adjective)
- Using the most advanced modern technology. Example: Farmers now rely on high-tech sensors that measure moisture deep in the soil. Synonyms: advanced, cutting-edge.
- instantly (adverb)
- Immediately, without any delay. Example: Tap to pay and the fare is deducted instantly from your transit card. Synonyms: immediately, at once.
- securely (adverb)
- In a safe way that prevents unauthorized access. Example: Store all your passwords securely rather than jotting them on loose sticky notes. Synonyms: safely, protectively.
- manually (adverb)
- By hand, without automatic help. Example: After the scanner failed at the till, the cashier entered each price manually. Synonyms: by hand, personally.
- log in (phrasal verb)
- To enter details to access an account or system. Example: You must log in with your health card number to view test results online. Synonyms: sign in, access.
- plug in (phrasal verb)
- To connect a device to power or another device. Example: Remember to plug in the laptop, since its battery drains quickly during video calls. Synonyms: connect, hook up.
- set up (phrasal verb)
- To prepare equipment or an account for use. Example: It took only minutes to set up the smart speaker in the living room. Synonyms: arrange, assemble.
- shut down (phrasal verb)
- To turn a computer or system completely off. Example: Always shut down the office computers properly before leaving for the long weekend. Synonyms: power off, switch off.
Topic 6: Travel & Tourism
Words for trips, bookings, airports and exploring new places.
- itinerary (noun)
- A detailed plan of a trip, listing dates and stops. Example: Our travel agent emailed a full itinerary showing every flight and hotel stay. Synonyms: schedule, travel plan.
- destination (noun)
- The place a person is travelling to. Example: Banff remains a favourite destination for families looking for dramatic mountain scenery. Synonyms: endpoint, target.
- reservation (noun)
- An arrangement to hold a room, table or seat. Example: Make a dinner reservation early, since seaside restaurants fill up fast in July. Synonyms: booking, arrangement.
- accommodation (noun)
- A place to stay while away from home. Example: Budget accommodation near the station saved the students plenty of money for tours. Synonyms: lodging, housing.
- luggage (noun)
- The bags and cases you take on a trip. Example: Pack light so your luggage stays comfortably under the airline's strict weight limit. Synonyms: baggage, suitcases.
- customs (noun)
- The place where officials check goods you bring into a country. Example: At the airport, customs asked whether we were carrying any fresh fruit or plants. Synonyms: border control, inspection.
- sightseeing (noun)
- Visiting interesting places as a tourist. Example: We spent the morning sightseeing before the afternoon heat grew too strong. Synonyms: touring, exploring.
- attraction (noun)
- A place people enjoy visiting for interest or fun. Example: Niagara's waterfall is the region's most popular attraction during the summer months. Synonyms: landmark, highlight.
- souvenir (noun)
- A small item kept to remember a place visited. Example: My daughter chose a tiny maple-leaf pin as a souvenir from Ottawa. Synonyms: keepsake, memento.
- departure (noun)
- The act of leaving, especially on a journey. Example: Fog pushed our departure back three hours, so we waited at the gate. Synonyms: leaving, exit.
- delay (noun)
- A period of waiting caused by a hold-up. Example: A long delay on the tarmac meant we missed the connecting train downtown. Synonyms: hold-up, wait.
- layover (noun)
- A short stop between flights on a journey. Example: During our layover in Toronto, we grabbed lunch and stretched our legs. Synonyms: stopover, break.
- excursion (noun)
- A short trip taken for pleasure. Example: Guests raved about the whale-watching excursion that leaves the pier at dawn. Synonyms: outing, day trip.
- hospitality (noun)
- Friendly, generous treatment of guests. Example: Warm hospitality from our hosts made the small fishing village feel like home. Synonyms: welcome, friendliness.
- passport (noun)
- An official document allowing travel between countries. Example: Check that your passport will not expire within six months of your trip. Synonyms: travel document, papers.
- tourist (noun)
- A person who travels to visit places for pleasure. Example: Every summer, thousands of tourists crowd the boardwalk to watch the sunset. Synonyms: visitor, traveller.
- voyage (noun)
- A long journey, usually by sea or in space. Example: Their cruise was a three-week voyage that stopped at ports along the coast. Synonyms: journey, crossing.
- getaway (noun)
- A short holiday away from ordinary life. Example: A quiet weekend getaway to the lake was exactly what the tired couple needed. Synonyms: retreat, escape.
- explore (verb)
- To travel through a place to discover what it is like. Example: We rented bikes to explore the quiet country roads outside the village. Synonyms: discover, investigate.
- cancel (verb)
- To decide something planned will not happen. Example: Heavy snow forced the airline to cancel every flight leaving that afternoon. Synonyms: call off, scrap.
- board (verb)
- To get onto a plane, ship, train or bus. Example: Passengers travelling with small children were invited to board the plane first. Synonyms: get on, enter.
- embark (verb)
- To begin a journey or board a ship or plane. Example: Early travellers embarked on the ferry as the harbour lights flickered off. Synonyms: set out, commence.
- navigate (verb)
- To find and follow the right way to a place. Example: Using a paper map, we navigated the old town's narrow, winding streets. Synonyms: steer, pilot.
- roam (verb)
- To wander freely without a fixed plan. Example: With no schedule to follow, they let themselves roam the market for hours. Synonyms: ramble, drift.
- venture (verb)
- To go somewhere that may be risky or unknown. Example: Few tourists venture beyond the main square to the villages in the hills. Synonyms: dare, brave.
- reschedule (verb)
- To change the planned time of something. Example: After the storm warning, we chose to reschedule our ferry crossing for Monday. Synonyms: postpone, rearrange.
- wander (verb)
- To walk slowly with no particular goal. Example: On our last evening, we wandered along the harbour eating warm chestnuts. Synonyms: stroll, meander.
- book (verb)
- To arrange and pay for travel or a room in advance. Example: Book your train tickets several weeks ahead to catch the cheapest available seats. Synonyms: reserve, arrange.
- backpack (verb)
- To travel cheaply carrying your belongings in a pack. Example: After graduation, my cousin plans to backpack across three provinces by bus. Synonyms: rough it, hike.
- sail (verb)
- To travel across water in a boat or ship. Example: Each July, the small ferry sails between the two islands twice a day. Synonyms: cruise, voyage.
- trek (verb)
- To make a long, hard journey on foot. Example: Hikers trek for two days to reach the glacier at the end of the valley. Synonyms: hike, march.
- scenic (adjective)
- Having beautiful natural views. Example: A scenic drive along the coast is worth the extra hour it adds. Synonyms: beautiful, panoramic.
- memorable (adjective)
- Worth remembering because it is special. Example: Watching the northern lights was the most memorable night of our whole trip. Synonyms: unforgettable, remarkable.
- adventurous (adjective)
- Willing to try new or daring things. Example: More adventurous guests signed up for the dawn hike up the steep ridge. Synonyms: daring, bold.
- picturesque (adjective)
- Pretty enough to look like a picture. Example: Their cottage sat in a picturesque green valley dotted with grazing sheep. Synonyms: charming, quaint.
- exotic (adjective)
- Strikingly different and often from a faraway place. Example: Vendors at the night market sold exotic fruits none of us had ever tasted. Synonyms: unusual, foreign.
- coastal (adjective)
- Relating to or near the sea. Example: Fog often rolls into the coastal towns long before it reaches inland farms. Synonyms: seaside, shoreline.
- cultural (adjective)
- Relating to the customs and arts of a society. Example: A guided cultural tour introduced us to local weaving and traditional songs. Synonyms: traditional, artistic.
- luxurious (adjective)
- Very comfortable and expensive. Example: For their anniversary, they splurged on a luxurious suite overlooking the bay. Synonyms: lavish, plush.
- breathtaking (adjective)
- So beautiful or exciting it amazes you. Example: From the summit, the breathtaking view stretched all the way to the border. Synonyms: stunning, spectacular.
- relaxing (adjective)
- Making you feel calm and rested. Example: Nothing beats a relaxing afternoon reading by the pool after a busy tour. Synonyms: soothing, restful.
- tropical (adjective)
- Belonging to the hot, wet regions near the equator. Example: They traded the Canadian winter for a tropical beach and warm ocean swims. Synonyms: warm, equatorial.
- seasonal (adjective)
- Happening only at a particular time of year. Example: Seasonal ferries stop running altogether once the lake freezes over in late November. Synonyms: periodic, time-limited.
- abroad (adverb)
- In or to a foreign country. Example: Working abroad for a year gave my sister a taste for slower travel. Synonyms: internationally, away.
- leisurely (adverb)
- In a slow, relaxed way, without hurry. Example: We strolled leisurely through the botanical gardens, stopping to photograph the roses. Synonyms: unhurriedly, slowly.
- overseas (adverb)
- To or in a country across the sea. Example: Many students head overseas after high school to learn a second language. Synonyms: far afield, internationally.
- check in (phrasal verb)
- To register your arrival at a hotel or airport. Example: Guests can check in after three o'clock and drop their bags at the desk earlier. Synonyms: register, sign in.
- check out (phrasal verb)
- To pay and leave a hotel at the end of a stay. Example: Remember to check out before eleven or the hotel adds another night's charge. Synonyms: settle up, depart.
- set off (phrasal verb)
- To begin a journey. Example: We set off at sunrise to beat the traffic heading toward the mountains. Synonyms: depart, start out.
- stop over (phrasal verb)
- To break a journey for a short stay somewhere. Example: On the way home, we stopped over in Vancouver to visit old friends. Synonyms: pause, break.
Topic 7: Transportation
Vocabulary for commuting, public transit, driving and city traffic.
- commute (noun)
- A regular journey between home and work. Example: My daily commute to downtown Toronto takes almost an hour when the trains are running late. Synonyms: journey, trip.
- transit (noun)
- The system of buses, trains and subways people share. Example: Vancouver's public transit is clean and frequent, so many residents leave their cars parked at home. Synonyms: public transport, transportation.
- fare (noun)
- The money you pay to ride a bus or train. Example: Since the fare increased last month, some students have started biking to campus instead. Synonyms: ticket price, charge.
- route (noun)
- The path a vehicle follows from start to finish. Example: Our bus route was changed because of construction near the community centre this summer. Synonyms: path, course.
- congestion (noun)
- Heavy traffic that slows everything down on busy roads. Example: Traffic congestion on the bridge gets so bad that a short trip can take forty minutes. Synonyms: traffic jam, backup.
- detour (noun)
- A different route taken when the usual road is closed. Example: A long detour around the flooded underpass made everyone late for the morning meeting. Synonyms: diversion, bypass.
- pedestrian (noun)
- A person walking rather than driving or riding. Example: Drivers must stop whenever a pedestrian steps onto the crosswalk near the elementary school. Synonyms: walker, passerby.
- intersection (noun)
- The place where two or more roads cross. Example: At the busy intersection downtown, a new camera now catches drivers who run red lights. Synonyms: junction, crossroads.
- vehicle (noun)
- A machine such as a car, truck or bus used for travel. Example: Every vehicle entering the ferry lineup must have its headlights turned off before boarding. Synonyms: automobile, car.
- transfer (noun)
- A change from one bus or train to another. Example: With a single transfer at the central station, I can reach the airport in half an hour. Synonyms: connection, changeover.
- platform (noun)
- The raised area beside train tracks where you wait. Example: Passengers crowded onto the narrow platform as the delayed train finally pulled into the station. Synonyms: boarding area, bay.
- collision (noun)
- A crash between two or more vehicles. Example: After a minor collision on the highway, both drivers exchanged insurance details and called the police. Synonyms: crash, wreck.
- roadwork (noun)
- Repairs or building being done on a road. Example: Ongoing roadwork on Main Street has forced cyclists onto the sidewalk for several weeks. Synonyms: construction, repairs.
- licence (noun)
- An official card allowing you to drive legally. Example: Before renting a car in Alberta, you must show a valid driver's licence and a credit card. Synonyms: permit, authorization.
- parking (noun)
- Space where vehicles are left for a time. Example: Finding cheap parking near the hospital is nearly impossible during weekday visiting hours. Synonyms: car park, lot.
- gridlock (noun)
- A traffic jam so complete that nothing moves. Example: Weekend festivals often cause total gridlock, leaving buses stuck for blocks around the stadium. Synonyms: standstill, traffic jam.
- rideshare (noun)
- A service where you book a car and driver by app. Example: When the last bus leaves too early, I usually order a rideshare to get home safely. Synonyms: ride-hailing, taxi service.
- merge (verb)
- To join smoothly into a moving lane of traffic. Example: New drivers often feel nervous when they must merge onto a busy highway during rush hour. Synonyms: join, converge.
- yield (verb)
- To let other traffic go before you. Example: At the roundabout, you must yield to vehicles already circling before you enter. Synonyms: give way, defer.
- accelerate (verb)
- To go faster in a vehicle. Example: If you accelerate too quickly on icy roads, the wheels can easily lose their grip. Synonyms: speed up, quicken.
- brake (verb)
- To slow or stop a vehicle. Example: Please brake gently in the school zone, where children often dart between the parked cars. Synonyms: slow down, halt.
- honk (verb)
- To sound a vehicle's horn as a warning. Example: Impatient drivers honk loudly whenever the light turns green even a second late. Synonyms: beep, toot.
- reroute (verb)
- To send traffic along a different path. Example: Because of the parade, the city will reroute several bus lines through the north end. Synonyms: divert, redirect.
- signal (verb)
- To show which way you plan to turn. Example: Always signal before changing lanes so the cars behind you know your intentions. Synonyms: indicate, flag.
- overtake (verb)
- To pass a slower vehicle ahead of you. Example: Never try to overtake another car on a narrow bridge with oncoming traffic. Synonyms: pass, go past.
- stall (verb)
- To stop running suddenly, said of an engine. Example: My old car tends to stall at red lights whenever the weather turns very cold. Synonyms: cut out, die.
- reverse (verb)
- To drive a vehicle backwards. Example: Learning to reverse smoothly into a tight parking spot takes plenty of practice for most new drivers. Synonyms: back up, back out.
- tow (verb)
- To pull a vehicle away using another vehicle. Example: The city will tow any car left in the snow-route lane during a winter storm. Synonyms: haul, drag.
- speed (verb)
- To drive faster than the legal limit. Example: Drivers who speed through residential areas now face steep fines and demerit points. Synonyms: race, zoom.
- veer (verb)
- To turn sharply to one side. Example: The truck had to veer around a fallen branch that blocked half the road. Synonyms: swerve, turn.
- idle (verb)
- To leave an engine running while parked. Example: Many cities ask drivers not to idle their engines outside schools to reduce pollution. Synonyms: tick over, keep running.
- reliable (adjective)
- Able to be trusted to work as expected. Example: Commuters want a reliable train that arrives on time even during heavy snowfall. Synonyms: dependable, trustworthy.
- accessible (adjective)
- Easy to enter or use, including for disabled people. Example: Every new station must be fully accessible, with elevators and ramps for wheelchair users. Synonyms: barrier-free, reachable.
- frequent (adjective)
- Happening often, with short gaps between. Example: Frequent bus service along this corridor means you rarely wait more than five minutes. Synonyms: regular, recurring.
- crowded (adjective)
- Filled with far too many people at once. Example: The subway is so crowded at eight in the morning that I can barely reach the doors. Synonyms: packed, jammed.
- oncoming (adjective)
- Moving toward you from the front. Example: Dim your high beams whenever you notice oncoming cars approaching on a dark rural road. Synonyms: approaching, incoming.
- slippery (adjective)
- Smooth or icy so that it is hard to grip. Example: Freezing rain left the overpass slippery, so the city sent salt trucks out before the morning rush. Synonyms: slick, icy.
- underground (adjective)
- Located below the surface of the ground. Example: Toronto's underground network of tunnels lets pedestrians avoid the cold during the harsh winter months. Synonyms: subterranean, below-ground.
- one-way (adjective)
- Allowing movement in a single direction only. Example: Delivery drivers dislike the many one-way streets that force them to circle the block repeatedly. Synonyms: single-direction, unidirectional.
- reckless (adjective)
- Careless about the danger caused to others. Example: Reckless driving near the daycare prompted neighbours to demand speed bumps on the street. Synonyms: careless, irresponsible.
- direct (adjective)
- Going straight to a place without stops or changes. Example: A direct bus to the airport saves travellers from dragging heavy suitcases through crowded transfer stations. Synonyms: nonstop, straight.
- outbound (adjective)
- Travelling away from the city centre. Example: Outbound trains fill quickly on Friday evenings as workers head home to the suburbs. Synonyms: outgoing, departing.
- cautiously (adverb)
- In a careful and watchful way. Example: Drive cautiously through the construction zone, where workers stand close to the open lane. Synonyms: carefully, warily.
- smoothly (adverb)
- In an even way, without any trouble. Example: Once the new signals were installed, traffic flowed much more smoothly through downtown. Synonyms: evenly, effortlessly.
- steadily (adverb)
- At a constant and even rate. Example: The lineup at the border crossing moved steadily, so we reached Seattle by noon. Synonyms: consistently, constantly.
- pull over (phrasal verb)
- To move a vehicle to the side and stop. Example: When you hear a siren, pull over to the right and let the ambulance pass. Synonyms: pull up, stop.
- drop off (phrasal verb)
- To take someone to a place and leave them there. Example: My neighbour offered to drop off the kids at hockey practice on her way to work. Synonyms: deliver, let off.
- pick up (phrasal verb)
- To collect someone or something from a place. Example: Could you pick up my parents from the airport while I finish the afternoon shift? Synonyms: collect, fetch.
- hop on (phrasal verb)
- To get onto a bus or train quickly. Example: If you hop on the express bus, you will skip a dozen local stops. Synonyms: board, get on.
- cut off (phrasal verb)
- To move in front of another vehicle suddenly and dangerously. Example: A speeding taxi cut off our bus so sharply that the driver had to brake hard. Synonyms: swerve in front, overtake.
Topic 8: Housing & Accommodation
Words for renting, buying, maintaining and sharing a home.
- landlord (noun)
- The owner who rents a property to tenants. Example: Our landlord agreed to replace the broken dishwasher before we signed the new lease. Synonyms: property owner, lessor.
- tenant (noun)
- A person who pays to live in a rented home. Example: As a tenant, you have the right to a written notice before any rent increase. Synonyms: renter, occupant.
- lease (noun)
- A signed contract to rent a home for a set time. Example: Before signing the lease, read the section about pets and guest policies very carefully. Synonyms: rental agreement, contract.
- mortgage (noun)
- A long-term loan used to buy a home. Example: After years of saving, the young couple finally qualified for a mortgage on a small townhouse. Synonyms: home loan, property loan.
- utilities (noun)
- Basic home services like water, heat and electricity. Example: In this building, utilities are included, so you pay one flat amount every month. Synonyms: services, amenities.
- deposit (noun)
- Money paid upfront to cover possible damage. Example: Your landlord must return the security deposit within a few weeks after you move out. Synonyms: bond, security payment.
- renovation (noun)
- The work of repairing or updating a building. Example: A full kitchen renovation added real value to their aging home in the suburb. Synonyms: remodelling, makeover.
- maintenance (noun)
- Regular work done to keep something in good condition. Example: Building maintenance handles leaky taps and broken lights, usually within a day or two. Synonyms: upkeep, repairs.
- suburb (noun)
- A residential area on the edge of a city. Example: Many families move to the suburb for larger yards and quieter, safer streets. Synonyms: outskirts, residential area.
- condominium (noun)
- A privately owned unit in a shared building. Example: Owning a condominium means paying monthly fees that cover the pool, gym and hallway cleaning. Synonyms: strata unit, flat.
- basement (noun)
- The floor of a building below ground level. Example: They rent out the basement to a student to help cover their mortgage payments. Synonyms: cellar, lower level.
- inspection (noun)
- A careful check of a home's condition. Example: The bank required a full inspection before approving the loan on the century-old house. Synonyms: examination, check.
- eviction (noun)
- The legal removal of a tenant from a home. Example: Repeated noise complaints can eventually lead to an eviction notice from the property manager. Synonyms: removal, expulsion.
- roommate (noun)
- A person you share a rented home with. Example: Splitting rent with a roommate makes living close to campus far more manageable. Synonyms: housemate, flatmate.
- dwelling (noun)
- A house, apartment or other place where people live. Example: Each dwelling on the street must have a working smoke detector on every floor. Synonyms: residence, abode.
- premises (noun)
- The building and land that a home occupies. Example: Smoking is not permitted anywhere on the premises, including the shared balcony and parking area. Synonyms: property, grounds.
- plumbing (noun)
- The pipes that carry water through a building. Example: Old plumbing in the basement burst overnight, flooding the laundry room with cold water. Synonyms: pipes, water system.
- relocate (verb)
- To move to a new home or area. Example: When my company opened a branch in Halifax, we chose to relocate the whole family. Synonyms: move, resettle.
- sublet (verb)
- To rent your place to someone else for a while. Example: Students often sublet their apartments over the summer while they return to their hometowns. Synonyms: sublease, rent out.
- decorate (verb)
- To make a room look attractive with colours and objects. Example: My sister loves to decorate each room with plants, warm lighting and secondhand furniture. Synonyms: spruce up, adorn.
- landscape (verb)
- To improve a yard with plants, grass and paths. Example: New owners plan to landscape the bare front yard with shrubs, a tidy hedge and flower beds. Synonyms: garden, plant.
- occupy (verb)
- To live in or take up a space. Example: Three generations now occupy the same large house near the community centre. Synonyms: live in, reside in.
- remodel (verb)
- To change the structure or look of a building. Example: The couple plans to remodel their dated bathroom before they list the house for sale. Synonyms: revamp, redo.
- insulate (verb)
- To add material that keeps heat in or out. Example: Properly insulate the attic, and your winter heating bills will drop noticeably. Synonyms: weatherproof, seal.
- unpack (verb)
- To take things out of boxes after moving. Example: It took us a whole weekend to unpack every box in the new townhouse. Synonyms: unload, empty out.
- vacate (verb)
- To leave a home so others can use it. Example: Tenants must vacate the unit by noon on the final day of the lease. Synonyms: leave, quit.
- renew (verb)
- To extend an agreement for more time. Example: If you renew the lease early, the landlord promised to keep the rent unchanged. Synonyms: extend, continue.
- repaint (verb)
- To cover walls with fresh paint again. Example: Before new tenants arrive, the owner will repaint the hallway and patch small holes. Synonyms: touch up, recoat.
- mow (verb)
- To cut grass short with a machine. Example: In this neighbourhood, tenants are expected to mow the lawn and shovel the walk. Synonyms: cut, trim.
- inhabit (verb)
- To live in a particular place. Example: Raccoons had come to inhabit the empty attic long before the family moved back in. Synonyms: dwell in, reside in.
- rewire (verb)
- To replace the electrical wiring in a building. Example: An electrician had to rewire the century-old duplex before it met the city's safety code. Synonyms: re-cable, rework.
- furnished (adjective)
- Supplied with furniture and ready to live in. Example: A furnished suite costs more, but newcomers avoid buying beds and sofas right away. Synonyms: equipped, fitted.
- spacious (adjective)
- Having plenty of open room inside. Example: Their spacious living room easily fits a large sectional and a long dining table. Synonyms: roomy, airy.
- cozy (adjective)
- Small, warm and nicely comfortable to relax in. Example: Even in January, the cozy basement apartment stays warm without running the heater all day. Synonyms: snug, warm.
- drafty (adjective)
- Letting in cold, unwanted outside air. Example: Old wooden windows make the upstairs bedrooms drafty during the coldest weeks of winter. Synonyms: breezy, chilly.
- cramped (adjective)
- Uncomfortably small, tight and short of space. Example: Four roommates found the tiny kitchen far too cramped for cooking meals together. Synonyms: tight, confined.
- upscale (adjective)
- Expensive and of a high quality. Example: New upscale condominiums along the waterfront now sell for well over a million dollars. Synonyms: luxurious, high-end.
- run-down (adjective)
- In poor condition from lack of care. Example: That run-down duplex needs a new roof, fresh paint and completely updated wiring. Synonyms: dilapidated, shabby.
- semi-detached (adjective)
- Joined to one other house by a shared wall. Example: They bought a semi-detached home whose shared wall keeps their heating bills pleasantly low all winter. Synonyms: duplex, attached.
- detached (adjective)
- Standing alone and not joined to other homes. Example: A detached house gives you a private yard but usually costs far more to heat. Synonyms: freestanding, standalone.
- adjoining (adjective)
- Next to and connected with something. Example: Our unit shares an adjoining wall, so we sometimes hear the neighbours' television. Synonyms: neighbouring, connected.
- leaky (adjective)
- Allowing liquid to escape through a hole. Example: A leaky roof left brown stains across the ceiling of the top-floor bedroom. Synonyms: dripping, porous.
- centrally (adverb)
- In or near the middle of an area. Example: Because the condo is centrally located, we walk to work and rarely drive. Synonyms: handily, close by.
- comfortably (adverb)
- In a way that provides ease and comfort. Example: This two-bedroom suite comfortably houses a small family with room for a home office. Synonyms: easily, amply.
- tastefully (adverb)
- In an attractive and well-chosen way. Example: The staged home was tastefully decorated, which helped it sell within a single weekend. Synonyms: elegantly, stylishly.
- move in (phrasal verb)
- To begin living in a new home. Example: We can move in as soon as the landlord finishes cleaning the carpets. Synonyms: settle, take occupancy.
- move out (phrasal verb)
- To stop living in a home and leave. Example: Give at least sixty days' notice before you plan to move out of the apartment. Synonyms: leave, clear out.
- settle in (phrasal verb)
- To get comfortable in a new place. Example: It took the children a few weeks to settle in after the big move. Synonyms: get comfortable, adjust.
- fix up (phrasal verb)
- To repair and make something better. Example: They bought a cheap fixer and spent a year working to fix up every room. Synonyms: repair, do up.
- hook up (phrasal verb)
- To connect a service or appliance. Example: Remember to hook up the internet and hydro before your first night in the house. Synonyms: connect, wire up.
Topic 9: Money & Finance
Vocabulary for budgeting, banking, saving and everyday expenses.
- budget (noun)
- A plan for how to spend and save money. Example: Sticking to a monthly budget helped us finally pay down our credit card debt. Synonyms: spending plan, financial plan.
- expense (noun)
- Money spent on a particular thing. Example: Childcare is the biggest expense for many young families living in expensive cities. Synonyms: cost, outlay.
- income (noun)
- The money you earn or receive regularly. Example: Since our household income dropped, we have been cooking at home far more often. Synonyms: earnings, pay.
- savings (noun)
- Money kept aside for future use. Example: My grandmother built up her savings slowly by putting a little away each payday. Synonyms: nest egg, reserves.
- debt (noun)
- Money that you owe to someone else. Example: Paying off student debt took nearly a decade, but the relief afterward felt wonderful. Synonyms: arrears, liability.
- loan (noun)
- A sum of money borrowed that must be repaid. Example: Before taking a car loan, compare the interest rates offered by several different banks. Synonyms: advance, credit.
- interest (noun)
- Extra money charged for borrowing or earned for saving. Example: A high interest rate on that card means the balance grows quickly if unpaid. Synonyms: finance charge, return.
- insurance (noun)
- Regular payments that protect you against loss. Example: Home insurance covered most of the damage after the pipe burst in the basement. Synonyms: coverage, protection.
- transaction (noun)
- A single act of buying, selling or transferring money. Example: Every transaction on your account appears in the app within a few seconds. Synonyms: dealing, payment.
- statement (noun)
- A record of money moving in and out of an account. Example: Check your monthly statement carefully for any charges you do not recognize. Synonyms: account record, summary.
- instalment (noun)
- One of several regular payments toward a total. Example: You can pay for the new laptop in six equal instalments with no added interest. Synonyms: part payment, monthly payment.
- currency (noun)
- The type of money used in a country. Example: Travellers should exchange some currency before arriving so they can pay for a taxi. Synonyms: money, legal tender.
- paycheque (noun)
- The regular payment you receive for working. Example: A large chunk of every paycheque goes straight toward rent in this expensive city. Synonyms: wages, pay.
- overdraft (noun)
- A negative balance when you spend more than you have. Example: An unexpected overdraft fee reminded me to track my spending much more closely. Synonyms: negative balance, shortfall.
- allowance (noun)
- A small amount of money given regularly. Example: Our kids earn their weekly allowance by helping with chores around the house. Synonyms: pocket money, stipend.
- credit (noun)
- An amount of money added into your account. Example: After the store refunded the jacket, a small credit appeared on my account the next morning. Synonyms: deposit, money in.
- inflation (noun)
- A general rise in prices over time. Example: Because of inflation, the same grocery cart costs noticeably more than it did last year. Synonyms: rising prices, price increases.
- windfall (noun)
- A sudden, unexpected amount of money. Example: My uncle used a small lottery windfall to clear his mortgage in one payment. Synonyms: bonus, unexpected gain.
- invest (verb)
- To put money into something to earn more later. Example: Financial advisors often suggest you invest steadily rather than chase quick, risky returns. Synonyms: put money in, back.
- withdraw (verb)
- To take money out of an account. Example: You can withdraw cash without a fee at any machine from your own bank. Synonyms: draw out, cash out.
- borrow (verb)
- To take money that you will pay back. Example: Try not to borrow more than you can comfortably repay within a couple of years. Synonyms: take a loan, get credit.
- lend (verb)
- To give money that you expect back later. Example: Banks are usually less willing to lend money when interest rates climb sharply. Synonyms: loan out, advance.
- spend (verb)
- To use money to buy things. Example: Many shoppers spend far more during the holidays than their budget allows. Synonyms: pay out, shell out.
- owe (verb)
- To need to pay money to someone. Example: After the vet bill, we still owe a few hundred dollars on the payment plan. Synonyms: be in debt, be liable.
- repay (verb)
- To pay back money you borrowed. Example: She managed to repay the entire loan two years ahead of the schedule. Synonyms: pay back, reimburse.
- earn (verb)
- To receive money in return for work. Example: Weekend shifts let students earn extra cash while keeping up with their classes. Synonyms: make, bring in.
- squander (verb)
- To waste money in a careless way. Example: It is easy to squander a whole paycheque on takeout and gadgets you never really needed. Synonyms: waste, fritter away.
- economize (verb)
- To spend less and use resources carefully. Example: To economize this winter, the family lowered the thermostat and cancelled unused subscriptions. Synonyms: cut costs, be frugal.
- accumulate (verb)
- To build up an amount gradually. Example: Small automatic transfers each week let your savings accumulate without you even noticing. Synonyms: build up, amass.
- deduct (verb)
- To take an amount away from a total. Example: Your employer will automatically deduct pension contributions directly from each monthly paycheque. Synonyms: subtract, take off.
- stretch (verb)
- To make a limited amount go further. Example: Newcomers learn clever ways to stretch a tight budget during their first months here. Synonyms: make last, eke out.
- frugal (adjective)
- Careful not to spend too much money. Example: My frugal roommate packs lunch every day and rarely buys coffee out. Synonyms: economical, sparing.
- thrifty (adjective)
- Good at using money and resources wisely. Example: A thrifty shopper always compares unit prices and patiently waits for the seasonal sales. Synonyms: economical, careful with money.
- wealthy (adjective)
- Having a great deal of money. Example: Even wealthy families in this city struggle to buy a detached home. Synonyms: rich, affluent.
- broke (adjective)
- Having no money left at all. Example: By the end of the month, many students feel completely broke until payday. Synonyms: penniless, out of money.
- costly (adjective)
- Expensive to buy, own or do. Example: Repairing an old furnace can be surprisingly costly, especially in the middle of winter. Synonyms: expensive, dear.
- financial (adjective)
- Relating to money and its management. Example: A sudden job loss can create real financial stress for an entire household. Synonyms: money-related, fiscal.
- monetary (adjective)
- Connected with money, cash or currency. Example: The bank offers no monetary reward for opening an account, only a free tote bag. Synonyms: fiscal, money-related.
- disposable (adjective)
- Left to spend freely after paying necessities. Example: With little disposable income, they rarely eat out or take weekend trips. Synonyms: spendable, available.
- cash-strapped (adjective)
- Short of money and struggling to pay. Example: Cash-strapped renters often delay dental work until a serious problem forces the issue. Synonyms: short of money, hard up.
- well-off (adjective)
- Comfortable and having more than enough money. Example: Fairly well-off now, my parents still shop carefully out of lifelong habit. Synonyms: comfortable, prosperous.
- solvent (adjective)
- Having enough money to pay what you owe. Example: Careful budgeting kept the small bakery solvent even through a slow and worrying winter season. Synonyms: debt-free, financially sound.
- sensibly (adverb)
- In a practical, reasonable way. Example: Newcomers who budget sensibly during their first year usually avoid piling up expensive credit card debt. Synonyms: reasonably, practically.
- prudently (adverb)
- With careful thought about the future. Example: Investing prudently over many years usually beats trying to time the market. Synonyms: carefully, sensibly.
- modestly (adverb)
- In a small, limited amount. Example: By spending modestly all year, the couple still managed a short trip to the east coast. Synonyms: moderately, sparingly.
- set aside (phrasal verb)
- To keep money for a particular purpose. Example: Each payday, I set aside a small amount for a summer trip out west. Synonyms: put by, reserve.
- pay off (phrasal verb)
- To finish paying what you owe. Example: It felt amazing to finally pay off the last of our high-interest cards. Synonyms: clear, settle.
- dip into (phrasal verb)
- To use part of your saved money. Example: We had to dip into our savings when the car needed a new transmission. Synonyms: draw on, use up.
- take out (phrasal verb)
- To arrange to receive a loan or policy. Example: Many buyers take out a mortgage that stretches across twenty-five long years. Synonyms: borrow, arrange.
- cut back (phrasal verb)
- To reduce how much you spend or use. Example: When prices rose, our family chose to cut back on takeout and streaming services. Synonyms: reduce, scale back.
Topic 10: Government & Public Services
Words for city services, applications, policies and civic life.
- council (noun)
- A group elected to run a city or town. Example: City council voted to build a new library branch in the fast-growing east end. Synonyms: local government, board.
- policy (noun)
- An official plan or rule guiding decisions. Example: A new provincial policy now offers free bus passes to seniors over seventy-five. Synonyms: guideline, official plan.
- regulation (noun)
- An official rule that people must follow. Example: Fire regulation requires every rental building to test its alarms twice each year. Synonyms: rule, directive.
- permit (noun)
- An official document allowing you to do something. Example: You need a building permit before adding a deck to your backyard in most towns. Synonyms: licence, authorization.
- application (noun)
- A formal request submitted to an authority. Example: Your citizenship application may take several months, so gather your documents early. Synonyms: request, submission.
- citizenship (noun)
- The legal status of belonging to a country. Example: After five years as a resident, she proudly applied for Canadian citizenship. Synonyms: nationality, citizen status.
- immigration (noun)
- The process of people moving to live in a country. Example: Federal immigration targets shape how many newcomers arrive each year across the provinces. Synonyms: migration, settlement.
- bylaw (noun)
- A local rule made by a city or town. Example: A noise bylaw forbids loud construction before seven o'clock on weekday mornings. Synonyms: local rule, ordinance.
- legislation (noun)
- Laws considered or passed by a government. Example: New rental legislation will cap how much landlords can raise the rent each year. Synonyms: laws, statutes.
- ballot (noun)
- The paper or process used to cast a vote. Example: Voters marked a single ballot to choose their representative in last week's municipal election. Synonyms: vote, voting slip.
- eligibility (noun)
- The state of meeting the rules to qualify. Example: Your eligibility for the housing grant depends on your income and family size. Synonyms: qualification, entitlement.
- registry (noun)
- An official list or record kept by authorities. Example: Newcomers must visit the land registry to confirm who legally owns the property. Synonyms: records office, official record.
- jurisdiction (noun)
- The area or matters an authority controls. Example: Waste collection falls under municipal jurisdiction, while highways belong to the province. Synonyms: authority, control.
- taxpayer (noun)
- A person who pays taxes to the government. Example: Every taxpayer deserves a clear explanation of how public money gets spent. Synonyms: ratepayer, contributor.
- census (noun)
- An official count of a country's population. Example: Results from the national census help decide where new schools and clinics are built. Synonyms: population count, headcount.
- constituency (noun)
- The area a politician is elected to represent. Example: Our constituency finally gained a second polling station after years of long lineups. Synonyms: riding, electoral district.
- ministry (noun)
- A government department led by a minister. Example: The ministry of health released updated guidelines for walk-in clinics across the province. Synonyms: department, government office.
- referendum (noun)
- A public vote on a single important question. Example: Residents will settle the transit expansion through a referendum this coming autumn. Synonyms: public vote, plebiscite.
- amend (verb)
- To make small changes to a law or document. Example: Council agreed to amend the parking bylaw after dozens of residents complained. Synonyms: revise, modify.
- administer (verb)
- To manage or run an official system or service. Example: A federal agency will administer the new support program for low-income families next spring. Synonyms: manage, run.
- govern (verb)
- To officially rule a country, region or city. Example: Elected officials govern best when they actually listen to the communities they serve. Synonyms: rule, lead.
- designate (verb)
- To officially choose something for a purpose. Example: Planners will designate a large part of the waterfront as protected public green space. Synonyms: assign, earmark.
- implement (verb)
- To put a plan or policy into action. Example: It usually takes months to implement a new recycling program across an entire city. Synonyms: put in place, roll out.
- oversee (verb)
- To watch over and manage a process. Example: An independent board will oversee how the flood relief funds are actually spent. Synonyms: supervise, monitor.
- authorize (verb)
- To give official permission for something. Example: Only a senior officer can authorize the release of these government records. Synonyms: approve, sanction.
- ratify (verb)
- To formally approve an agreement or treaty. Example: Provincial leaders met in Ottawa this week to ratify the new health-funding agreement. Synonyms: approve, confirm.
- lobby (verb)
- To try to persuade officials to act a certain way. Example: Parents continue to lobby the school board for safer crosswalks near the playground. Synonyms: press, urge.
- subsidize (verb)
- To pay part of a cost so it is cheaper. Example: The province will subsidize daycare so more parents can return to work. Synonyms: fund, help pay for.
- impose (verb)
- To officially force a rule or charge on people. Example: Council voted to impose a new fee on short-term rentals to fund affordable housing projects. Synonyms: enforce, levy.
- notify (verb)
- To officially tell someone about something. Example: Authorities must notify all affected residents in writing before closing the neighbourhood clinic. Synonyms: inform, advise.
- enact (verb)
- To make a proposal into an official law. Example: Legislators moved quickly this spring to enact stronger legal protections for renters. Synonyms: pass, put into law.
- municipal (adjective)
- Relating to a city or town government. Example: Municipal elections often draw far fewer voters than the federal or provincial ones do. Synonyms: local, city-level.
- federal (adjective)
- Relating to the whole national government. Example: Thanks to a federal grant, the small town replaced its aging water treatment plant. Synonyms: national, central.
- provincial (adjective)
- Relating to a single province's government. Example: Health care is mainly a provincial matter, so rules differ from one province to another. Synonyms: regional, territorial.
- official (adjective)
- Approved by a person or body in authority. Example: You will receive an official letter confirming that your permit has been approved. Synonyms: formal, authorized.
- civic (adjective)
- Relating to a city or its citizens' duties. Example: Voting is a basic civic duty that shapes the future of your community. Synonyms: community, citizen-related.
- bureaucratic (adjective)
- Involving many complicated and official rules. Example: The bureaucratic process for opening a small business frustrates many first-time owners. Synonyms: administrative, procedural.
- nonpartisan (adjective)
- Not supporting any single political party. Example: A nonpartisan commission redraws the voting boundaries to keep local elections fair. Synonyms: neutral, impartial.
- statutory (adjective)
- Required or clearly set by law. Example: Banks close on statutory holidays, so plan your bill payments around them. Synonyms: legally required, mandated.
- lawful (adjective)
- Allowed by or according to the law. Example: Peaceful protest is a lawful way to make your voice heard on public issues. Synonyms: legal, permitted.
- elected (adjective)
- Chosen for a position by voting. Example: Every elected councillor holds regular office hours to hear from local residents. Synonyms: voted-in, chosen by vote.
- parliamentary (adjective)
- Relating to the elected law-making assembly. Example: A parliamentary committee spent weeks reviewing the proposed changes to the pension plan. Synonyms: legislative, governmental.
- legally (adverb)
- In a way that follows the law. Example: New residents can work legally as soon as they receive the proper documents. Synonyms: lawfully, by law.
- formally (adverb)
- In an official and proper manner. Example: You must formally register your address change so your health card stays valid. Synonyms: officially, properly.
- accordingly (adverb)
- In a way that is suitable to the situation. Example: Rules about short-term rentals changed, and hosts had to adjust their listings accordingly. Synonyms: correspondingly, suitably.
- fill out (phrasal verb)
- To complete a form with information. Example: Please fill out the entire application and attach two recent pieces of identification. Synonyms: complete, fill in.
- carry out (phrasal verb)
- To perform or complete an official task. Example: Inspectors will carry out random checks to make sure restaurants follow the health code. Synonyms: perform, conduct.
- look into (phrasal verb)
- To investigate a matter fully and carefully. Example: Staff agreed to look into how the parking fines were being issued. Synonyms: investigate, examine.
- follow up (phrasal verb)
- To take further action to check progress. Example: If you hear nothing within a month, follow up with the immigration office directly. Synonyms: check back, pursue.
- phase out (phrasal verb)
- To slowly stop using something over time. Example: Over two years, the city will phase out old parking meters in favour of a mobile app. Synonyms: discontinue, wind down.
Topic 11: Community & Neighbourhood
Vocabulary for local events, volunteering and neighbourhood life.
- resident (noun)
- A person who lives in a particular area or building. Example: Every resident on our street received a flyer about the new parking rules this week. Synonyms: local, inhabitant.
- volunteer (noun)
- Someone who offers to help without being paid. Example: Our library relies on a dedicated volunteer to run the weekend reading club for kids. Synonyms: helper, contributor.
- facility (noun)
- A building or place provided for a particular use. Example: The new sports facility downtown offers swimming lessons for seniors on Tuesday mornings. Synonyms: complex, amenity.
- gathering (noun)
- An event where people come together in one place. Example: A small gathering formed in the park to celebrate the community garden's first harvest. Synonyms: assembly, meetup.
- festival (noun)
- A public celebration with food, music or activities. Example: Each summer our neighbourhood hosts a food festival featuring dishes from more than twenty countries. Synonyms: celebration, fair.
- fundraiser (noun)
- An event held to collect money for a cause. Example: Parents organized a bake-sale fundraiser to buy new equipment for the elementary school playground. Synonyms: charity drive, collection.
- charity (noun)
- An organization that helps people in need. Example: A local charity delivers warm meals to isolated seniors throughout the coldest winter months. Synonyms: nonprofit, aid group.
- initiative (noun)
- A new plan or effort to solve a problem. Example: The city launched a tree-planting initiative to make our streets greener and cooler in summer. Synonyms: program, scheme.
- recreation (noun)
- Activities done for enjoyment when not working. Example: Our community centre added evening recreation programs so families can stay active together after dinner. Synonyms: leisure, pastime.
- belonging (noun)
- The feeling of being accepted as part of a group. Example: Joining the gardening club gave me a real sense of belonging in my new town. Synonyms: acceptance, inclusion.
- unity (noun)
- The state of people being joined together as one. Example: After the flood, a spirit of unity helped neighbours rebuild each other's fences and gardens. Synonyms: togetherness, solidarity.
- petition (noun)
- A signed request asking officials to take action. Example: Residents signed a petition asking the council to add a crosswalk near the busy school. Synonyms: appeal, request.
- get-together (noun)
- A casual, friendly meeting of people. Example: My neighbours host a monthly get-together where everyone brings a dish to share. Synonyms: social, gathering.
- newcomer (noun)
- A person who has recently arrived somewhere. Example: As a newcomer to Halifax, I appreciated how quickly my neighbours introduced themselves to me. Synonyms: new arrival, immigrant.
- potluck (noun)
- A meal where each guest brings a dish to share. Example: Our building holds a summer potluck so tenants can meet the people living upstairs. Synonyms: shared meal, communal dinner.
- cleanup (noun)
- An organized effort to tidy a public area. Example: Dozens of teenagers joined the riverbank cleanup and filled forty bags with litter. Synonyms: tidy-up, clearing.
- outreach (noun)
- Efforts to give help or information to people. Example: The health unit runs an outreach program that visits shelters to offer free flu shots. Synonyms: assistance, support.
- turnout (noun)
- The number of people who attend an event. Example: Turnout for the winter craft market was so strong that vendors sold out by noon. Synonyms: attendance, participation.
- camaraderie (noun)
- A warm, friendly feeling among a group of people. Example: Playing on the local hockey team built a camaraderie that lasted long after the season ended. Synonyms: friendship, fellowship.
- association (noun)
- An organized group of people with a shared aim. Example: Our tenants' association meets monthly to discuss repairs and plan seasonal events together. Synonyms: organization, league.
- bulletin (noun)
- A short public notice sharing news or information. Example: A weekly bulletin taped to the lobby door keeps tenants informed about repairs and upcoming meetings. Synonyms: notice, announcement.
- vicinity (noun)
- The area near or surrounding a place. Example: Several playgrounds in the vicinity were repainted by volunteers over the long weekend. Synonyms: surroundings, area.
- participate (verb)
- To take part in an activity or event. Example: If you want to participate in the street cleanup, meet us by the fountain at nine. Synonyms: join in, take part.
- organize (verb)
- To plan and arrange an event or activity. Example: Two retired teachers organize the annual science fair for children across the neighbourhood. Synonyms: arrange, set up.
- engage (verb)
- To involve people so they take an active interest. Example: Good community leaders engage quiet residents by asking directly for their ideas and help. Synonyms: involve, include.
- mingle (verb)
- To move around talking with different people. Example: During the block party, families mingled on the lawn while children chased bubbles nearby. Synonyms: socialize, circulate.
- rally (verb)
- To bring people together to support a cause. Example: When the shelter faced closing, hundreds rallied to raise money and keep it open. Synonyms: unite, mobilize.
- foster (verb)
- To encourage the growth or development of something. Example: Shared community gardens foster friendships between people who might otherwise never even speak. Synonyms: encourage, cultivate.
- convene (verb)
- To bring people together for a meeting. Example: The council will convene a public forum to hear opinions about the proposed bike lanes. Synonyms: assemble, gather.
- canvass (verb)
- To go around asking people for support or opinions. Example: Students volunteered to canvass the whole neighbourhood, asking residents to sign a petition for a new crosswalk. Synonyms: poll, solicit.
- greet (verb)
- To welcome someone with friendly words or gestures. Example: My elderly neighbour greets every dog walker who passes her front porch each morning. Synonyms: welcome, acknowledge.
- represent (verb)
- To act or speak officially for a group. Example: She was chosen to represent our building at the city's housing consultation next month. Synonyms: speak for, stand for.
- assemble (verb)
- To gather people together in one place. Example: Organizers asked volunteers to assemble at the arena before spreading out to shovel elderly neighbours' driveways. Synonyms: gather, muster.
- congregate (verb)
- To gather together in a crowd or group. Example: On warm evenings, teenagers congregate near the skate park to watch each other's tricks. Synonyms: assemble, cluster.
- pitch in (phrasal verb)
- To join others in helping with a task. Example: When snow blocks the sidewalks, everyone on the block pitches in to shovel a path. Synonyms: help out, lend a hand.
- chip in (phrasal verb)
- To each give money or effort toward something. Example: Neighbours chipped in to buy a sturdy bench for the bus stop where seniors wait. Synonyms: contribute, donate.
- reach out (phrasal verb)
- To offer help or make friendly contact. Example: After the storm, staff reached out to every senior living alone in the tower. Synonyms: make contact, connect.
- inclusive (adjective)
- Welcoming to everyone, regardless of background. Example: Our book club stays inclusive by choosing titles that reflect many cultures and viewpoints. Synonyms: open, accepting.
- welcoming (adjective)
- Friendly and making people feel at ease. Example: New families find our street welcoming because someone always offers to show them around. Synonyms: friendly, hospitable.
- courteous (adjective)
- Polite and respectful toward other people. Example: A courteous driver always slows down near the community centre where children cross the road. Synonyms: polite, considerate.
- neighbourly (adjective)
- Kind and helpful, like a good neighbour. Example: Lending tools and watching each other's pets are simple, neighbourly habits worth keeping. Synonyms: friendly, kind.
- lively (adjective)
- Full of energy and activity. Example: Friday markets make the square lively, with buskers playing and children darting between stalls. Synonyms: bustling, energetic.
- communal (adjective)
- Shared by all members of a group. Example: Residents planted vegetables in the communal beds behind the apartment complex last spring. Synonyms: shared, collective.
- generous (adjective)
- Willing to give time, money or help freely. Example: A generous donor covered the cost of new lights for the outdoor skating rink. Synonyms: giving, charitable.
- approachable (adjective)
- Easy to talk to and friendly. Example: Because our councillor is so approachable, people stop her constantly to raise small worries. Synonyms: easygoing, accessible.
- spirited (adjective)
- Full of enthusiasm and determination. Example: A spirited group of parents kept the after-school program alive despite the funding cuts. Synonyms: enthusiastic, energetic.
- harmonious (adjective)
- Peaceful and free from conflict. Example: Clear parking rules keep relations harmonious among the twelve families sharing the narrow driveway. Synonyms: peaceful, amicable.
- cohesive (adjective)
- United and working well together as one group. Example: A cohesive block of neighbours kept the community garden thriving through several difficult and drought-stricken summers. Synonyms: united, close-knit.
- eagerly (adverb)
- In a keen and enthusiastic way. Example: Children eagerly signed up to help decorate the float for the neighbourhood's annual winter parade. Synonyms: keenly, enthusiastically.
- warmly (adverb)
- In a friendly and caring manner. Example: New arrivals are warmly received at the settlement office, which offers tea and translation help. Synonyms: kindly, cordially.
Topic 12: Family & Relationships
Words for family life, parenting, friendships and support.
- relative (noun)
- A person connected to you by family. Example: Every December, distant relatives travel from across the country to share one big holiday meal. Synonyms: family member, kin.
- sibling (noun)
- A brother or a sister in a family. Example: Growing up with four siblings taught me how to share space and settle arguments. Synonyms: brother, sister.
- spouse (noun)
- A person's husband or wife. Example: My spouse handles the grocery budget while I take care of the children's busy schedules. Synonyms: partner, significant other.
- parenting (noun)
- The work of raising and caring for children. Example: Good parenting often means listening carefully instead of rushing to give advice. Synonyms: child-rearing, raising children.
- childcare (noun)
- The care of children while parents are busy. Example: Affordable childcare would let many parents in our building return to full-time work. Synonyms: daycare, child minding.
- upbringing (noun)
- The way a child is raised and taught. Example: Her strict but loving upbringing shaped the patient teacher she eventually became. Synonyms: rearing, raising.
- household (noun)
- All the people who live together in one home. Example: In a busy household of six, everyone signs up for a chore on the fridge chart. Synonyms: home, family unit.
- generation (noun)
- All the people born around the same time. Example: Three generations gathered on the porch to look through the faded family photo albums. Synonyms: age group, cohort.
- tradition (noun)
- A custom passed down through a family or group. Example: Baking shortbread on Christmas Eve is a tradition my grandmother started decades ago. Synonyms: custom, ritual.
- bond (noun)
- A close emotional connection between people. Example: The bond between the twins was so strong they often finished each other's sentences. Synonyms: connection, attachment.
- reunion (noun)
- A gathering of family or friends after time apart. Example: Our family reunion draws almost a hundred cousins to the lakeside campground each August. Synonyms: gathering, homecoming.
- milestone (noun)
- An important event or stage in life. Example: Her first day of school felt like a major milestone for the whole family. Synonyms: landmark, turning point.
- caregiver (noun)
- A person who looks after someone who needs help. Example: As the main caregiver for his father, he arranges every medical appointment and meal. Synonyms: carer, attendant.
- companionship (noun)
- Friendly company that eases loneliness. Example: A rescue dog gave my grandfather the daily companionship he had missed since retiring. Synonyms: company, friendship.
- offspring (noun)
- A person's children, or an animal's young. Example: Salmon return to the same river to raise their offspring, much like families returning home. Synonyms: children, descendants.
- kinship (noun)
- A family relationship or feeling of closeness. Example: Shared meals and old stories create a kinship that reaches well beyond blood relatives. Synonyms: relatedness, closeness.
- guardian (noun)
- An adult legally responsible for a child. Example: After the accident, an aunt became the legal guardian of both young children. Synonyms: caretaker, custodian.
- ancestor (noun)
- A family member from long ago. Example: My ancestors settled in Nova Scotia more than two centuries ago, farming rocky land. Synonyms: forebear, forefather.
- loyalty (noun)
- Firm and faithful support for someone. Example: Loyalty to family often means showing up quietly whenever times get truly hard. Synonyms: faithfulness, allegiance.
- toddler (noun)
- A young child who is just learning to walk. Example: Chasing an energetic toddler around the park quickly wears out even the fittest parents. Synonyms: tot, young child.
- in-law (noun)
- A relative gained through marriage. Example: My in-laws welcomed me warmly the first time I joined their noisy Sunday dinner. Synonyms: relation, kin.
- newborn (noun)
- A baby that has just been born. Example: Friends dropped off frozen dinners so the exhausted parents could focus on their newborn. Synonyms: infant, baby.
- adopt (verb)
- To legally take another's child as your own. Example: After years of waiting, the couple adopted two siblings from a nearby foster home. Synonyms: take in, raise as one's own.
- nurture (verb)
- To care for and support growth or development. Example: Patient parents nurture curiosity by answering the endless questions small children love to ask. Synonyms: cultivate, raise.
- reconcile (verb)
- To restore friendly relations after a quarrel. Example: Two brothers finally reconciled at their mother's birthday after years of stubborn silence. Synonyms: make peace, settle differences.
- cherish (verb)
- To love and value someone deeply. Example: Grandparents often cherish the ordinary afternoons they spend baking cookies with their grandchildren. Synonyms: treasure, adore.
- resemble (verb)
- To look or be similar to someone. Example: Everyone says the baby resembles her grandfather, especially when she frowns at strangers. Synonyms: look like, mirror.
- inherit (verb)
- To receive money or traits from a relative. Example: He inherited his mother's calm temper along with his father's stubborn streak. Synonyms: receive, be left.
- babysit (verb)
- To care for children while parents are away. Example: My teenage niece babysits the neighbours' twins every second Friday evening for pocket money. Synonyms: mind, watch over.
- pamper (verb)
- To treat someone with great care and comfort. Example: On her birthday, the kids pampered their mother with breakfast in bed and flowers. Synonyms: spoil, indulge.
- confide (verb)
- To share private feelings with someone trusted. Example: Teenagers are far more likely to confide in a parent who listens without judging. Synonyms: open up, tell.
- bicker (verb)
- To argue about small, unimportant things. Example: The children bickered over the front seat until their father turned the radio up. Synonyms: squabble, quarrel.
- accompany (verb)
- To go somewhere together with someone. Example: Each week she accompanies her elderly mother to physiotherapy on the other side of town. Synonyms: go with, escort.
- discipline (verb)
- To correct behaviour by teaching rules and limits. Example: Experts say it is better to discipline a child calmly than to shout in frustration. Synonyms: correct, guide.
- look after (phrasal verb)
- To take care of someone or something. Example: While my sister recovers from surgery, I will look after her two dogs and garden. Synonyms: care for, mind.
- get along (phrasal verb)
- To have a friendly relationship with someone. Example: Although they are very different people, the cousins get along better than most siblings. Synonyms: agree, be friendly.
- grow up (phrasal verb)
- To develop from a child into an adult. Example: Kids who grow up near cousins often treat them like extra brothers and sisters. Synonyms: mature, come of age.
- supportive (adjective)
- Giving help, encouragement or comfort. Example: A supportive partner will celebrate your wins and steady you through the hardest setbacks. Synonyms: caring, encouraging.
- close-knit (adjective)
- Bound together by strong, warm relationships. Example: Their close-knit family eats dinner together almost every night, with phones switched off. Synonyms: tight-knit, united.
- elderly (adjective)
- Old, especially describing older people politely. Example: Many elderly parents prefer to stay in their own homes with a little daily help. Synonyms: aged, senior.
- affectionate (adjective)
- Showing fondness and warmth toward others. Example: He is an affectionate father who hugs his kids before every single school drop-off. Synonyms: loving, warm.
- protective (adjective)
- Wanting to keep someone safe from harm. Example: Older sisters can be fiercely protective of the younger ones on a crowded playground. Synonyms: watchful, defensive.
- estranged (adjective)
- No longer close, after a serious disagreement. Example: After a decade estranged, father and son slowly rebuilt trust through weekly phone calls. Synonyms: alienated, distant.
- maternal (adjective)
- Relating to a mother or motherly feelings. Example: Her maternal instincts kicked in the moment the frightened toddler started to cry. Synonyms: motherly, nurturing.
- inseparable (adjective)
- Always together and very close. Example: Since preschool, the two friends have been inseparable, sharing lunches and secrets alike. Synonyms: close, attached.
- devoted (adjective)
- Very loving and loyal to someone. Example: A devoted grandson, he calls his grandmother every single evening before she goes to bed. Synonyms: dedicated, loyal.
- mutual (adjective)
- Shared or felt equally by two people. Example: Lasting friendships rest on mutual respect and honesty rather than on constant agreement. Synonyms: shared, reciprocal.
- compassionate (adjective)
- Kind and caring toward those who suffer. Example: A compassionate caregiver notices sadness that a patient is too proud to mention aloud. Synonyms: kind, sympathetic.
- unconditionally (adverb)
- Without any limits or conditions. Example: Good parents love their children unconditionally, even when their choices deeply disappoint them. Synonyms: completely, absolutely.
- fondly (adverb)
- In a loving or affectionate way. Example: She speaks fondly of the summers spent at her grandparents' farm as a girl. Synonyms: lovingly, warmly.
Topic 13: Food & Nutrition
Vocabulary for cooking, groceries, restaurants and healthy eating.
- ingredient (noun)
- One of the foods or items used to make a dish. Example: Before you start the soup, check that every ingredient on the recipe card is already in your kitchen. Synonyms: component, element.
- recipe (noun)
- A set of steps and amounts for preparing a dish. Example: My grandmother shared her butter tart recipe with me before we moved from Winnipeg to Halifax last spring. Synonyms: directions, formula.
- appetite (noun)
- The desire to eat, especially when meals are approaching. Example: After a long shift at the warehouse, Marco came home with a huge appetite and reheated some stew. Synonyms: hunger, craving.
- cuisine (noun)
- A style of cooking linked to a country or region. Example: Visitors to Toronto can sample cuisine from almost every region of the world within a few city blocks. Synonyms: cooking, gastronomy.
- portion (noun)
- The amount of food served to one person. Example: If you serve a smaller portion at dinner, you can always go back for seconds later. Synonyms: serving, helping.
- leftovers (noun)
- Food remaining after a meal that is saved for later. Example: Instead of ordering lunch downtown, Priya brings leftovers from last night's dinner to work in a glass container. Synonyms: remains, extras.
- grocery (noun)
- Food and household supplies bought regularly from a store. Example: Our weekly grocery bill nearly doubled this winter, so we started planning every meal before shopping. Synonyms: provisions, supplies.
- produce (noun)
- Fresh fruits and vegetables sold in stores or markets. Example: Local produce tastes best in August, when Ontario farms deliver fresh corn and peaches to every supermarket. Synonyms: crops, harvest.
- allergy (noun)
- A bad physical reaction to a food or substance. Example: Because my son has a peanut allergy, we read every label carefully before buying packaged treats. Synonyms: sensitivity, intolerance.
- flavour (noun)
- The particular taste a food or drink has. Example: A spoonful of smoked paprika gives this chili a deep flavour that guests always notice. Synonyms: taste, savour.
- beverage (noun)
- Any drink, whether hot or cold. Example: Guests can choose one hot beverage with their breakfast special at the diner on Main Street. Synonyms: drink, refreshment.
- condiment (noun)
- A sauce or seasoning added to food at the table. Example: Each picnic table had a small basket with every condiment you could want, from mustard to relish. Synonyms: seasoning, relish.
- appetizer (noun)
- A small dish served before the main course. Example: While we waited for the main course, the server brought a shared appetizer of stuffed mushrooms. Synonyms: starter, hors d'oeuvre.
- fibre (noun)
- The rough part of plant foods that keeps digestion regular. Example: Nutritionists suggest adding more fibre to your breakfast by choosing oatmeal or whole-grain toast. Synonyms: roughage, bulk.
- aroma (noun)
- A pleasant smell, especially from food or drink. Example: As soon as I opened the front door, the aroma of baked apples filled the hallway. Synonyms: scent, fragrance.
- eatery (noun)
- A casual place where meals are served. Example: A new family-run eatery opened beside the transit station, and it already has lineups at noon. Synonyms: restaurant, diner.
- pantry (noun)
- A cupboard or small room where dry food is stored. Example: We keep rice, canned beans and pasta in the pantry in case a snowstorm keeps us home. Synonyms: cupboard, larder.
- takeout (noun)
- Prepared food bought from a restaurant to eat elsewhere. Example: After the late council meeting, we ordered takeout from the Thai place instead of cooking. Synonyms: takeaway, carry-out.
- crave (verb)
- To want a particular food or thing very strongly. Example: During my night shifts at the hospital, I often crave something warm like tomato soup. Synonyms: desire, long for.
- marinate (verb)
- To soak food in a seasoned liquid before cooking. Example: Let the chicken marinate in lemon juice and garlic overnight so it stays juicy on the barbecue. Synonyms: soak, steep.
- simmer (verb)
- To cook gently in liquid just below the boiling point. Example: Turn the heat down and let the sauce simmer for twenty minutes while you set the table. Synonyms: bubble, stew.
- refrigerate (verb)
- To keep food cold so it stays fresh and safe. Example: Always refrigerate the potato salad right after the picnic, or it will not be safe to eat tomorrow. Synonyms: chill, cool.
- thaw (verb)
- To let frozen food soften and warm up slowly. Example: Remember to thaw the salmon in the fridge overnight instead of leaving it on the counter. Synonyms: defrost, melt.
- digest (verb)
- To break down food in the body after eating. Example: Eating slowly helps your body digest a heavy meal, so try not to rush dinner before hockey practice. Synonyms: absorb, process.
- season (verb)
- To add salt, herbs or spices to food. Example: Chef Amara showed us how to season the stew gradually, tasting after every small addition. Synonyms: spice, flavour.
- grill (verb)
- To cook food over direct heat, often outdoors. Example: On long summer evenings, my neighbours grill burgers in the backyard and invite the whole street over. Synonyms: barbecue, broil.
- spoil (verb)
- To become rotten and unsafe to eat. Example: Milk will spoil quickly in a hot car, so drive straight home after the supermarket run. Synonyms: rot, go bad.
- dine (verb)
- To eat a meal, especially in a formal or special setting. Example: To celebrate their anniversary, my parents plan to dine at a small seafood place near the harbour. Synonyms: eat, feast.
- garnish (verb)
- To add a small decoration to a finished dish. Example: Just before serving, garnish the soup with fresh parsley to make the bowls look more inviting. Synonyms: decorate, adorn.
- brew (verb)
- To prepare tea or coffee by soaking it in hot water. Example: Every morning before the kids wake up, Dad likes to brew a strong pot of coffee. Synonyms: steep, prepare.
- indulge (verb)
- To let yourself enjoy a treat you do not really need. Example: Once a month, our study group indulges in a big plate of poutine after the library closes. Synonyms: treat, pamper.
- nutritious (adjective)
- Full of the substances your body needs to stay healthy. Example: Although frozen vegetables seem boring, they are often just as nutritious as the fresh ones at the market. Synonyms: healthy, nourishing.
- dietary (adjective)
- Relating to the foods a person regularly eats. Example: When you register for the banquet, please list any dietary restrictions so the caterer can plan suitable dishes. Synonyms: nutritional, food-related.
- organic (adjective)
- Grown or raised without artificial chemicals or sprays. Example: Many families at our farmers' market pay a little extra for organic carrots grown without chemical sprays. Synonyms: natural, chemical-free.
- processed (adjective)
- Changed from its natural state in a factory before sale. Example: Doctors at our clinic suggest eating fewer processed snacks because they usually contain extra salt and sugar. Synonyms: refined, packaged.
- homemade (adjective)
- Made at home rather than bought from a store. Example: Nothing warms up a snowy evening in Regina like homemade bread straight from the oven. Synonyms: home-cooked, handmade.
- culinary (adjective)
- Connected with cooking or the kitchen. Example: Sofia signed up for a weekend culinary course downtown to learn knife skills from a professional chef. Synonyms: cooking, gastronomic.
- vegetarian (adjective)
- Based on plants and containing no meat or fish. Example: Our cafeteria now offers a vegetarian option every day, and even the meat eaters often choose it. Synonyms: meat-free, plant-based.
- savoury (adjective)
- Tasting pleasantly salty or spiced rather than sweet. Example: Between the sweet pastries and the savoury pies, most customers at the bakery pick the pies. Synonyms: salty, flavourful.
- wholesome (adjective)
- Good for your health and made from simple, natural foods. Example: Parents at the daycare asked for wholesome snacks such as fruit, cheese and whole-grain crackers. Synonyms: healthful, nourishing.
- perishable (adjective)
- Likely to go bad quickly if not kept cold. Example: Pack perishable items like yogurt in a cooler bag if your bus ride home takes an hour. Synonyms: easily spoiled, short-lived.
- stale (adjective)
- No longer fresh, often dry and tasteless. Example: Nobody wanted the stale muffins in the break room, so someone finally turned them into bird food. Synonyms: old, dry.
- hearty (adjective)
- Filling and satisfying, especially describing a large warm meal. Example: On cold February nights, a hearty beef stew is the meal my family requests most often. Synonyms: filling, satisfying.
- bland (adjective)
- Lacking any strong taste, spice or seasoning. Example: The hospital food was so bland that Maria asked her sister to bring hot sauce from home. Synonyms: tasteless, flavourless.
- locally (adverb)
- Within the nearby area rather than far away. Example: Our co-op café proudly serves food that is grown locally, mostly from farms within an hour's drive. Synonyms: nearby, regionally.
- sparingly (adverb)
- In small amounts; without using too much. Example: Use the maple syrup sparingly at first, because its sweetness can easily overpower the pancakes. Synonyms: lightly, moderately.
- stock up (phrasal verb)
- To buy a large supply of something for later use. Example: Before the long weekend, shoppers stock up on burgers and buns for their family barbecues. Synonyms: load up, stockpile.
- cut down on (phrasal verb)
- To use or consume less of something. Example: My doctor asked me to cut down on sugary drinks and switch to sparkling water at lunch. Synonyms: reduce, limit.
- eat out (phrasal verb)
- To have a meal at a restaurant instead of home. Example: Since both of us started working downtown, we eat out far more often than we should. Synonyms: dine out, eat at restaurants.
- whip up (phrasal verb)
- To prepare a meal or dish very quickly. Example: With only twenty minutes before the guests arrived, Leah managed to whip up a pasta dinner. Synonyms: prepare quickly, throw together.
Topic 14: Shopping & Consumerism
Words for purchases, refunds, deals and consumer rights.
- receipt (noun)
- A printed proof of what you bought. Example: Keep your receipt in case the blender stops working within the return period. Synonyms: proof of purchase, sales slip.
- refund (noun)
- Money returned when you give an item back. Example: The store offered a full refund once I explained the jacket's zipper was already broken. Synonyms: reimbursement, money back.
- discount (noun)
- An amount taken off the normal price. Example: Students get a ten-percent discount at the bookstore during the first week of term. Synonyms: reduction, price cut.
- bargain (noun)
- Something bought for much less than usual. Example: Winter coats become a real bargain in March, once the shops need the space. Synonyms: deal, steal.
- warranty (noun)
- A promise to repair or replace a faulty product. Example: My laptop's warranty covers repairs for two years, so I registered it online right away. Synonyms: guarantee, coverage.
- retailer (noun)
- A business that sells goods to the public. Example: Several online retailers now let you return items for free at any postal outlet. Synonyms: seller, merchant.
- customer (noun)
- A person who buys goods or services. Example: A patient customer waited while the clerk searched the back room for the right size. Synonyms: buyer, shopper.
- checkout (noun)
- The place where you pay in a store. Example: Long lines at the checkout make me abandon my cart more often than I admit. Synonyms: till, cash register.
- cashier (noun)
- The employee who takes payment from shoppers. Example: A friendly cashier pointed out that the cereal was cheaper in the larger box. Synonyms: clerk, teller.
- brand (noun)
- A named product made by a particular company. Example: Some shoppers trust a familiar brand even when store labels cost far less. Synonyms: label, make.
- merchandise (noun)
- Goods that are offered for sale. Example: Seasonal merchandise fills the front aisles long before the actual holiday even arrives. Synonyms: goods, stock.
- consumer (noun)
- A person who buys and uses products. Example: Canadian consumers have the right to a refund on goods that were wrongly described. Synonyms: buyer, user.
- membership (noun)
- Paid access to a club or store's benefits. Example: A warehouse membership only pays off if you shop there almost every single week. Synonyms: enrolment, affiliation.
- clearance (noun)
- A sale to sell off remaining stock cheaply. Example: Everything on the clearance rack was marked down twice before the store finally closed. Synonyms: sale, closeout.
- coupon (noun)
- A ticket giving a discount on a purchase. Example: She clips grocery coupons every Sunday and rarely pays full price for cleaning supplies. Synonyms: discount slip, promo code.
- voucher (noun)
- A document exchanged for goods or a discount. Example: As an apology for the delay, they mailed me a voucher worth twenty dollars. Synonyms: gift certificate, credit note.
- markdown (noun)
- A reduction in a product's selling price. Example: A surprise markdown on patio furniture drew a small crowd to the garden section. Synonyms: reduction, price cut.
- aisle (noun)
- A passage between shelves in a store. Example: Cleaning products sit in the same aisle as pet food at our local supermarket. Synonyms: passage, walkway.
- storefront (noun)
- The front part of a shop facing the street. Example: A bright new storefront replaced the empty shop that had worried the whole block. Synonyms: shopfront, facade.
- selection (noun)
- The range of goods available to choose from. Example: This shop's selection of winter boots is wider than anywhere else in the town. Synonyms: range, assortment.
- vendor (noun)
- A person or company that sells something. Example: Weekend vendors at the market sell honey, candles and handmade soap from folding tables. Synonyms: seller, trader.
- boutique (noun)
- A small shop selling stylish or special items. Example: A tiny boutique on the corner sells locally made jewellery that visitors always love. Synonyms: shop, store.
- purchase (verb)
- To buy something, usually goods or services. Example: Before you purchase a mattress online, read the fine print about returns and delivery. Synonyms: buy, pay for.
- exchange (verb)
- To swap an item for a different one. Example: I exchanged the blue kettle for a red one without any trouble at all. Synonyms: swap, trade.
- compare (verb)
- To look at products to judge which is better. Example: Smart shoppers compare prices across three stores before buying anything genuinely expensive. Synonyms: contrast, weigh.
- haggle (verb)
- To argue in order to agree on a lower price. Example: At the flea market you can haggle, but the big chains never budge on price. Synonyms: bargain, negotiate.
- splurge (verb)
- To spend freely on something special. Example: Once the bonus arrived, we splurged on the espresso machine we had eyed for months. Synonyms: indulge, spend big.
- overspend (verb)
- To spend more money than you planned. Example: It is easy to overspend at the checkout when tempting little items line the queue. Synonyms: overshoot, spend too much.
- redeem (verb)
- To exchange a coupon or points for value. Example: You can redeem your loyalty points for groceries before they quietly expire next month. Synonyms: cash in, use.
- reimburse (verb)
- To pay someone back money they spent. Example: The airline agreed to reimburse me for the coat their staff damaged in transit. Synonyms: repay, pay back.
- return (verb)
- To take a bought item back to the store. Example: If the shoes pinch, return them within thirty days with the original tags attached. Synonyms: take back, send back.
- barter (verb)
- To trade goods without using money. Example: Neighbours sometimes barter homegrown vegetables for eggs instead of driving to the store. Synonyms: trade, swap.
- stockpile (verb)
- To store up a large supply of something. Example: Many shoppers stockpile canned goods and paper towels whenever the warehouse store runs a good sale. Synonyms: hoard, stock up.
- overpay (verb)
- To pay more than something is worth. Example: Tourists often overpay for bottled water sold near the busiest downtown attractions. Synonyms: get overcharged, pay too much.
- shop around (phrasal verb)
- To compare prices at several stores. Example: When buying appliances, shop around because prices can vary by hundreds of dollars. Synonyms: compare prices, look around.
- try on (phrasal verb)
- To put on clothing to check the fit. Example: Always try on jeans before buying, since the sizes differ wildly between brands. Synonyms: fit, sample.
- pick out (phrasal verb)
- To choose something from a group. Example: It took an hour to pick out a birthday gift she would actually use. Synonyms: choose, select.
- overpriced (adjective)
- Costing more than it is really worth. Example: Popcorn at the cinema feels badly overpriced, so we sneak in our own snacks. Synonyms: expensive, steep.
- defective (adjective)
- Having a fault that stops it working properly. Example: A defective charger nearly started a fire, so the company recalled the whole batch. Synonyms: faulty, flawed.
- impulsive (adjective)
- Done suddenly without careful thought. Example: An impulsive purchase at the till often turns into clutter by the very weekend. Synonyms: rash, spur-of-the-moment.
- pricey (adjective)
- Expensive; costing a lot of money. Example: Imported berries look pricey until you taste how much sweeter they really are. Synonyms: costly, expensive.
- flimsy (adjective)
- Poorly made and easily broken. Example: The flimsy umbrella turned inside out during the first real gust of wind. Synonyms: fragile, cheap.
- genuine (adjective)
- Real and authentic, not a copy. Example: Ask for proof that the watch is genuine before paying that much for it. Synonyms: authentic, real.
- counterfeit (adjective)
- Made as a fake copy to deceive buyers. Example: Counterfeit handbags flood the market, fooling shoppers with almost perfect stitching and labels. Synonyms: fake, imitation.
- stylish (adjective)
- Fashionable and pleasing in appearance. Example: A stylish winter coat need not be expensive if you wait patiently for the seasonal clearance. Synonyms: fashionable, chic.
- assorted (adjective)
- Made up of several different kinds. Example: A box of assorted chocolates lets everyone at the table find a favourite. Synonyms: mixed, varied.
- premium (adjective)
- Of higher quality and usually higher price. Example: Premium tires cost more upfront but last through several harsh Canadian winters. Synonyms: top-quality, superior.
- reasonable (adjective)
- Fair and not too expensive. Example: Their repair fee seemed reasonable, so I left the boots to be resoled. Synonyms: fair, moderate.
- wisely (adverb)
- In a sensible, well-judged way. Example: Spending wisely means asking whether you will still want the item next month. Synonyms: sensibly, prudently.
- cheaply (adverb)
- At a low cost; without spending much. Example: You can furnish a first apartment cheaply by checking thrift shops and community swap groups online. Synonyms: inexpensively, affordably.
Topic 15: Business & Economy
Vocabulary for companies, markets, growth and economic news.
- entrepreneur (noun)
- A person who starts and runs a business. Example: A young entrepreneur turned her baking hobby into a shop with three full-time employees. Synonyms: business owner, founder.
- revenue (noun)
- The total money a business earns from sales. Example: Rising fuel costs ate into the airline's revenue during a stubbornly slow winter. Synonyms: earnings, income.
- profit (noun)
- Money left after all costs are paid. Example: The bakery finally made a profit once it started selling loaves to nearby cafés. Synonyms: gain, earnings.
- startup (noun)
- A newly formed, often small, company. Example: Their tech startup grew from a garage project into a firm worth millions. Synonyms: new venture, young company.
- demand (noun)
- The amount of a product people want to buy. Example: Strong demand for electric bikes left several dealers with empty showrooms by June. Synonyms: appetite, need.
- supply (noun)
- The amount of a product available to buy. Example: A shortage of computer chips cut the supply of new cars worldwide last year. Synonyms: stock, availability.
- contract (noun)
- A formal written agreement between parties. Example: Read every clause carefully before signing a contract with a new supplier. Synonyms: agreement, deal.
- client (noun)
- A person or company that buys services. Example: Our biggest client renewed for another year after the redesign boosted their sales. Synonyms: customer, account.
- merger (noun)
- The joining of two companies into one. Example: News of the merger worried staff who feared their duplicate roles would disappear. Synonyms: amalgamation, union.
- strategy (noun)
- A careful plan to reach a business goal. Example: A clear pricing strategy helped the small brewery compete with the national labels. Synonyms: plan, approach.
- recession (noun)
- A period when the economy shrinks. Example: During the recession, many families delayed buying homes and cut back on dining out. Synonyms: downturn, slump.
- enterprise (noun)
- A business or a bold new project. Example: Running a family enterprise means the dinner table often doubles as a boardroom. Synonyms: business, venture.
- forecast (noun)
- A prediction of future business conditions. Example: The company's gloomy sales forecast pushed its share price down sharply overnight. Synonyms: projection, prediction.
- stakeholder (noun)
- Anyone affected by a company's decisions. Example: Every stakeholder, from workers to suppliers, felt the pinch when the plant closed. Synonyms: interested party, participant.
- shareholder (noun)
- A person who owns part of a company. Example: Angry shareholders demanded answers after the firm's profits fell for a third year. Synonyms: investor, part-owner.
- commerce (noun)
- The buying and selling of goods on a large scale. Example: Online commerce has reshaped how small towns support their tired main-street shops. Synonyms: trade, business.
- industry (noun)
- All the companies in one field of business. Example: The film industry brings thousands of seasonal jobs to Vancouver every single year. Synonyms: sector, trade.
- asset (noun)
- Something valuable that a company owns. Example: A loyal team is an asset that rivals cannot simply copy or buy. Synonyms: resource, holding.
- capital (noun)
- Money used to start or grow a business. Example: Without enough capital, the founders could not afford to hire before the launch. Synonyms: funds, financing.
- turnover (noun)
- The total sales a business makes in a period. Example: Annual turnover doubled after the shop began shipping orders across the whole country. Synonyms: sales, gross income.
- franchise (noun)
- A business licensed to use another's brand. Example: Buying a coffee franchise costs a fortune, but the familiar name draws customers instantly. Synonyms: licensed outlet, chain branch.
- rival (noun)
- A company competing for the same customers. Example: Two grocery rivals opened stores on the same block within a single month. Synonyms: competitor, opponent.
- monopoly (noun)
- Total control of a market by one company. Example: Regulators broke up the phone monopoly to let cheaper providers enter the market. Synonyms: sole control, dominance.
- negotiate (verb)
- To discuss terms to reach an agreement. Example: Our manager negotiated a better rate by promising the supplier a much longer contract. Synonyms: bargain, hammer out.
- expand (verb)
- To grow larger or reach new markets. Example: After a strong year, the chain plans to expand into three more provinces. Synonyms: grow, broaden.
- launch (verb)
- To introduce a new product to the market. Example: They launched the app on a Friday so early reviews could spread over the weekend. Synonyms: roll out, unveil.
- thrive (verb)
- To grow strongly and do very well. Example: Small bookstores can still thrive when they host events readers cannot find online. Synonyms: flourish, prosper.
- outsource (verb)
- To hire an outside company to do work. Example: To cut costs, the firm outsourced its customer support to a call centre overseas. Synonyms: contract out, subcontract.
- diversify (verb)
- To add different products or services. Example: Farmers who diversify into agritourism weather bad harvests far more easily than others. Synonyms: broaden, vary.
- downsize (verb)
- To reduce a company's size or staff. Example: When orders dried up, the factory downsized rather than close its doors completely. Synonyms: cut back, lay off.
- distribute (verb)
- To share out or deliver goods to different places. Example: A single warehouse now helps the chain distribute its products to hundreds of stores nationwide. Synonyms: hand out, deliver.
- specialize (verb)
- To focus on one particular product or skill. Example: The workshop specializes in repairing vintage bicycles that big dealers refuse to touch. Synonyms: focus, concentrate.
- streamline (verb)
- To make a process simpler and more efficient. Example: New software streamlined the invoicing that once took two clerks all afternoon. Synonyms: simplify, optimize.
- restructure (verb)
- To organize a company in a new way. Example: Leadership restructured the departments so decisions no longer stalled at the very top. Synonyms: reorganize, overhaul.
- generate (verb)
- To produce money, sales or interest. Example: One viral video generated more orders than the shop could fill in weeks. Synonyms: produce, bring in.
- take over (phrasal verb)
- To gain control of a company. Example: A larger rival took over the struggling airline and kept most of its routes. Synonyms: acquire, buy out.
- branch out (phrasal verb)
- To expand into a new area of business. Example: After years selling coffee, they branched out into baking and quickly outgrew the kitchen. Synonyms: move into, spread out.
- corporate (adjective)
- Relating to large companies or business. Example: Endless corporate meetings left her little time for the creative work she loved. Synonyms: business, commercial.
- lucrative (adjective)
- Producing a lot of money or profit. Example: Snow removal proved surprisingly lucrative for a student with one used pickup truck. Synonyms: profitable, well-paid.
- competitive (adjective)
- Able to compete well on price or quality. Example: To stay competitive, the mill lowered prices and shortened its delivery times. Synonyms: rivalrous, aggressive.
- economic (adjective)
- Relating to the economy or finances. Example: Rising interest rates create economic uncertainty that makes owners delay big purchases. Synonyms: fiscal, monetary.
- fiscal (adjective)
- Relating to government money and taxes. Example: Rising interest payments strained the town's fiscal plan, forcing council to delay several road repairs. Synonyms: budgetary, monetary.
- booming (adjective)
- Growing very quickly and successfully. Example: A booming housing market kept local contractors busy well into the late autumn. Synonyms: thriving, flourishing.
- volatile (adjective)
- Likely to change suddenly and unpredictably. Example: Fuel prices are so volatile that trucking firms struggle to quote steady rates. Synonyms: unstable, unpredictable.
- multinational (adjective)
- Operating in many different countries. Example: A multinational retailer can absorb a bad quarter that would sink a local shop. Synonyms: global, international.
- sluggish (adjective)
- Slow-moving, with little growth or energy. Example: Sluggish sales after the holidays forced the boutique to trim its opening hours. Synonyms: slow, weak.
- steady (adjective)
- Stable and continuing at a constant rate. Example: Steady demand for repairs kept the garage profitable even during the hardest times. Synonyms: stable, consistent.
- ambitious (adjective)
- Showing a strong desire to succeed or grow. Example: An ambitious plan to open ten branches in two years alarmed the cautious investors. Synonyms: bold, aspiring.
- rapidly (adverb)
- Very quickly, in a short time. Example: Within months, the delivery app grew rapidly, adding a hundred restaurants across the region. Synonyms: quickly, swiftly.
- aggressively (adverb)
- In a forceful, determined way. Example: Backed by fresh capital, the chain expanded aggressively to dominate the entire region. Synonyms: forcefully, boldly.
Topic 16: Crime & Safety
Words for reporting problems, staying safe and community security.
- theft (noun)
- The act of stealing someone's money or property. Example: After the theft of two bicycles from our building, the manager installed brighter lights in the garage. Synonyms: stealing, robbery.
- burglary (noun)
- Breaking into a building in order to steal things. Example: Police reported a string of burglaries nearby, so residents began locking their back gates at night. Synonyms: break-in, housebreaking.
- vandalism (noun)
- Deliberately damaging property that belongs to other people. Example: Graffiti and broken benches at the park were signs of vandalism that upset many local families. Synonyms: defacement, destruction.
- fraud (noun)
- Tricking people dishonestly to get their money. Example: Banks warned customers about credit-card fraud after several seniors lost savings to fake callers. Synonyms: deception, swindle.
- scam (noun)
- A dishonest scheme meant to cheat people. Example: My aunt nearly fell for an email scam promising a large refund from the tax office. Synonyms: con, hoax, trick.
- culprit (noun)
- The person responsible for a crime or wrongdoing. Example: Security footage from the corner store helped officers identify the culprit within a single afternoon. Synonyms: offender, wrongdoer, perpetrator.
- witness (noun)
- Someone who sees a crime or event happen. Example: Because she was a witness to the collision, Maria stayed to give her statement to the police. Synonyms: observer, bystander, onlooker.
- penalty (noun)
- A punishment given for breaking a rule or law. Example: Drivers who ignore school-zone limits face a steep penalty and possible loss of their licence. Synonyms: punishment, sanction.
- fine (noun)
- Money paid as a punishment for breaking a rule. Example: Our neighbour received a fine for leaving his car parked across the sidewalk overnight. Synonyms: ticket, levy.
- precaution (noun)
- An action taken in advance to prevent harm. Example: As a precaution, the community centre asked volunteers to walk students to the bus after evening classes. Synonyms: safety measure, protection.
- emergency (noun)
- A sudden dangerous situation that needs quick action. Example: When the kitchen fire spread, my roommate called 911 and reported the emergency calmly. Synonyms: crisis, urgent situation.
- alarm (noun)
- A device that warns people of danger. Example: Our landlord tests the smoke alarm on every floor before new tenants move in. Synonyms: siren, warning device.
- victim (noun)
- A person harmed by a crime or accident. Example: Support workers at the clinic help each victim of theft recover both money and confidence. Synonyms: casualty, sufferer.
- offence (noun)
- An act that breaks the law. Example: Shoplifting may seem minor, but it is still a criminal offence with lasting records. Synonyms: crime, violation.
- surveillance (noun)
- Close watching of a person or place for security. Example: Cameras providing surveillance across the parkade discouraged thieves from targeting parked vehicles. Synonyms: monitoring, observation.
- curfew (noun)
- A rule requiring people to be indoors by a set time. Example: During the festival, organizers set a curfew so younger teens returned home before midnight. Synonyms: time limit, restriction.
- hazard (noun)
- Something that could cause danger or harm. Example: Icy steps outside the library became a hazard, so staff spread salt every morning. Synonyms: danger, peril.
- intruder (noun)
- A person who enters a place without permission. Example: A motion light startled an intruder who had climbed over the fence into our backyard. Synonyms: prowler, unwanted visitor.
- investigate (verb)
- To examine something carefully to find the truth. Example: Officers arrived quickly to investigate the break-in reported at the pharmacy on Main Street. Synonyms: examine, probe.
- enforce (verb)
- To make sure a rule or law is obeyed. Example: City officers enforce parking rules more strictly near the hospital during busy visiting hours. Synonyms: impose, uphold.
- trespass (verb)
- To enter someone's property without permission. Example: Signs warned hikers not to trespass on the farmland beyond the marked trail. Synonyms: intrude, encroach.
- prosecute (verb)
- To take legal action against someone in court. Example: The store owner decided to prosecute the man who had repeatedly stolen from his shelves. Synonyms: charge, indict.
- shoplift (verb)
- To steal goods from a shop while pretending to buy. Example: Two teenagers tried to shoplift headphones, but an alert cashier noticed and called the manager. Synonyms: steal, pilfer.
- deter (verb)
- To discourage someone from doing something wrong. Example: Bright porch lights and a barking dog can deter thieves from approaching a quiet home. Synonyms: discourage, dissuade.
- apprehend (verb)
- To catch and arrest someone suspected of a crime. Example: Transit officers managed to apprehend the pickpocket before he could leave the crowded platform. Synonyms: arrest, capture.
- detain (verb)
- To hold someone officially, keeping them from leaving. Example: Guards may detain a suspect briefly until the police arrive to take a statement. Synonyms: hold, confine.
- safeguard (verb)
- To protect something from harm or loss. Example: To safeguard their savings, my parents never share banking passwords over the phone. Synonyms: protect, shield.
- warn (verb)
- To tell someone about a possible danger ahead. Example: Neighbours used the group chat to warn each other about a suspicious van circling the block. Synonyms: alert, caution.
- flee (verb)
- To run away quickly from danger or trouble. Example: The shoplifter tried to flee through the loading dock, but the exit was already locked. Synonyms: escape, run off.
- confront (verb)
- To face someone boldly about a problem. Example: Staff are trained never to confront an armed robber and to hand over cash calmly. Synonyms: face, stand up to.
- patrol (verb)
- To move around an area to keep it safe. Example: Security guards patrol the mall every hour after the food court closes for the night. Synonyms: guard, police.
- report (verb)
- To formally tell authorities about a crime or problem. Example: If you report vandalism promptly, the city can clean the graffiti before it spreads. Synonyms: notify, inform.
- secure (adjective)
- Safe and well protected against danger. Example: Tenants feel more secure now that the lobby door locks automatically after nine each evening. Synonyms: safe, protected.
- suspicious (adjective)
- Making you think something is wrong or dishonest. Example: A suspicious package left near the entrance prompted staff to clear the lobby immediately. Synonyms: questionable, dubious.
- vulnerable (adjective)
- Easily harmed or open to attack. Example: Ground-floor apartments can feel vulnerable, so many renters add extra locks to their windows. Synonyms: exposed, unprotected.
- unlawful (adjective)
- Not allowed by the law. Example: Parking in a fire lane is unlawful and can block trucks during a real emergency. Synonyms: prohibited, illegitimate.
- cautious (adjective)
- Careful to avoid danger or mistakes. Example: Being cautious with strangers online helped my daughter avoid a job scam last spring. Synonyms: careful, guarded.
- risky (adjective)
- Likely to cause danger or loss. Example: Walking home alone through the unlit alley felt risky, so we took the busier route. Synonyms: unsafe, chancy.
- petty (adjective)
- Small and minor, not very serious. Example: Officers spend hours on petty complaints like noise and littering rather than major neighbourhood crimes. Synonyms: minor, trivial.
- armed (adjective)
- Carrying a weapon such as a gun or knife. Example: The bank posted guidance for staff on how to react if an armed person enters. Synonyms: weaponized, gun-wielding.
- dangerous (adjective)
- Able to cause harm or injury. Example: That intersection is dangerous after dark, so the council approved a new pedestrian signal. Synonyms: unsafe, perilous.
- illegal (adjective)
- Against the law; not permitted. Example: Selling fireworks without a permit is illegal in most Canadian cities and towns. Synonyms: banned, outlawed.
- wary (adjective)
- Cautious because of possible danger or trouble. Example: Shoppers grew wary of the fake charity table set up outside the grocery store. Synonyms: distrustful, watchful.
- violent (adjective)
- Using physical force meant to hurt someone. Example: Staff reported a violent argument in the parking lot, and officers arrived within minutes. Synonyms: aggressive, brutal.
- deliberately (adverb)
- Done on purpose, not by accident. Example: Investigators believe the fire was set deliberately, since two doors had been forced open. Synonyms: intentionally, purposely.
- allegedly (adverb)
- According to a claim that is not yet proven. Example: The man allegedly used a stolen card at three shops before staff grew suspicious. Synonyms: reportedly, supposedly.
- safely (adverb)
- In a way that avoids danger or harm. Example: Store staff were trained to hand over cash safely and let insurance cover the loss. Synonyms: securely, without harm.
- break in (phrasal verb)
- To enter a building illegally, usually by force. Example: Thieves tried to break in through the basement window while the family was away camping. Synonyms: burgle, force entry.
- look out (phrasal verb)
- To stay alert and watch for danger. Example: Our neighbourhood group agreed to look out for each other's homes during the long weekend. Synonyms: watch out, be alert.
- lock up (phrasal verb)
- To secure a place by locking all its doors. Example: Before leaving the shop, remember to lock up the storeroom and set the alarm. Synonyms: fasten, bolt.
Topic 17: Media & Entertainment
Vocabulary for news, streaming, events and popular culture.
- audience (noun)
- The group of people watching or listening to a show. Example: After the final song, the audience stood and clapped for nearly five minutes. Synonyms: viewers, spectators, crowd.
- broadcast (verb)
- To send out a program on television or radio. Example: Our local station will broadcast the Canada Day parade live from the waterfront on Saturday morning. Synonyms: air, transmit.
- celebrity (noun)
- A famous person who gets a lot of public attention. Example: When a celebrity visited our farmers' market, hundreds of fans lined the street for photos. Synonyms: star, icon.
- subscription (noun)
- An amount you pay regularly to use a service. Example: We cancelled one streaming subscription because nobody in the family had watched it for months. Synonyms: membership, plan.
- headline (noun)
- The title printed in large letters above a news story. Example: This morning's headline about the housing market started a long discussion in our lunchroom. Synonyms: title, header.
- journalist (noun)
- A person who reports news for papers, websites or television. Example: A journalist from the community paper interviewed my neighbour about the new library branch. Synonyms: reporter, correspondent.
- coverage (noun)
- The reporting a story or event receives in the media. Example: Local election coverage was so thorough that even my teenage son followed the results. Synonyms: reporting, publicity.
- publish (verb)
- To print or release writing so the public can read it. Example: The community centre plans to publish its fall program guide online next week. Synonyms: release, print, issue.
- review (verb)
- To give your opinion about a show, book or product. Example: My cousin reviews restaurants on her blog, so she takes photos of every dish. Synonyms: critique, evaluate, assess.
- performance (noun)
- An act of singing, dancing or acting done for others. Example: Although the tickets were cheap, the performance at the community theatre felt completely professional. Synonyms: show, act, presentation.
- exhibition (noun)
- A public display of art or interesting objects. Example: If you enjoy photography, the new exhibition at the city gallery is worth a visit. Synonyms: display, showcase.
- venue (noun)
- The place where an event or concert is held. Example: Because the first venue flooded, organizers moved the concert to a school gym nearby. Synonyms: location, site, setting.
- documentary (noun)
- A film that presents facts about real events or people. Example: Last night we watched a documentary about Arctic wildlife instead of our usual comedy. Synonyms: factual film, nonfiction program.
- episode (noun)
- One complete part of a television or podcast series. Example: My husband refuses to start the next episode until I finish washing the dishes. Synonyms: instalment, part, chapter.
- commercial (noun)
- A short advertisement shown on television or radio. Example: During the playoffs, one commercial repeated so often that my kids memorized every word. Synonyms: ad, advertisement, promo.
- rerun (noun)
- A repeat showing of a television program. Example: On rainy Sundays, my father happily watches reruns of shows from the nineties. Synonyms: repeat, replay.
- spoiler (noun)
- Information that reveals how a story or game ends. Example: Please avoid spoilers at work tomorrow, because half the team has not seen the finale. Synonyms: giveaway, plot reveal.
- premiere (noun)
- The first public showing of a film or show. Example: Fans waited outside the theatre for hours before the premiere of the new superhero movie. Synonyms: debut, opening night.
- soundtrack (noun)
- The recorded music that accompanies a film or show. Example: I added the soundtrack from that drama to my running playlist last week. Synonyms: score, film music.
- sequel (noun)
- A film or book that continues an earlier story. Example: Critics disliked the sequel, but my daughter thought it was better than the original. Synonyms: follow-up, continuation.
- genre (noun)
- A category of art, music or film with shared features. Example: Our book club picks a different genre each month to keep meetings interesting. Synonyms: category, style, type.
- blockbuster (noun)
- A hugely popular film that earns a lot of money. Example: Every summer blockbuster fills the biggest screens at our local theatre for weeks. Synonyms: hit, smash, box-office success.
- podcast (noun)
- An audio program you listen to online whenever you like. Example: On my morning bus ride, I listen to a podcast about Canadian history. Synonyms: audio show, audio series.
- censorship (noun)
- The removal of content considered harmful or offensive. Example: Our media studies class debated whether censorship of violent games actually protects children. Synonyms: banning, suppression.
- stream (verb)
- To watch or listen to something directly over the internet. Example: Since we started streaming movies at home, we rarely drive to the cinema anymore. Synonyms: watch online, play online.
- binge-watch (verb)
- To watch many episodes of a series in one sitting. Example: During the snowstorm, my roommates binge-watched an entire detective series in two days. Synonyms: marathon, watch nonstop.
- applaud (verb)
- To clap your hands to show enjoyment or approval. Example: Parents applauded loudly when the school choir finished its final song of the evening. Synonyms: clap, cheer.
- entertain (verb)
- To hold people's attention in an enjoyable way. Example: A street magician entertained the crowd outside the market while we waited for our bus. Synonyms: amuse, delight.
- captivate (verb)
- To hold someone's complete attention with charm or interest. Example: The puppet show captivated even the adults, who stayed until the very end. Synonyms: fascinate, enchant, mesmerize.
- release (verb)
- To make a film, album or product available to the public. Example: Next month the band will release an album recorded in their Halifax garage. Synonyms: launch, put out.
- advertise (verb)
- To promote a product or event so people notice it. Example: Our gym advertises free trial classes on local radio throughout January every year. Synonyms: promote, publicize, market.
- host (verb)
- To present a show or organize an event for guests. Example: A well-known comedian will host this year's charity concert at the arena. Synonyms: present, emcee.
- exaggerate (verb)
- To make something seem bigger or worse than it really is. Example: Some news channels exaggerate small storms until viewers expect a complete disaster. Synonyms: overstate, inflate.
- tune in (phrasal verb)
- To watch or listen to a particular program. Example: Thousands of listeners tune in every morning to hear the traffic and weather report. Synonyms: watch, listen in.
- commentary (noun)
- Spoken or written remarks that explain an event as it happens. Example: The live commentary made the hockey final easy to follow, even for my visiting cousins. Synonyms: get current, get up to date.
- sell out (phrasal verb)
- To have every ticket or item bought so none remain. Example: Tickets for the comedy night sold out within an hour of going online. Synonyms: run out, be fully booked.
- trending (adjective)
- Being widely discussed or shared online right now. Example: By lunchtime, the mayor's speech was trending across every social media platform in the city. Synonyms: popular, buzzing.
- viral (adjective)
- Spreading extremely quickly from person to person online. Example: Her video of the raccoon opening a garbage bin went viral within hours. Synonyms: wildly popular, widespread.
- suspenseful (adjective)
- Keeping you excited or nervous about what happens next. Example: The finale was so suspenseful that nobody touched the snacks during the last twenty minutes. Synonyms: tense, thrilling, nail-biting.
- biased (adjective)
- Unfairly favouring one side, person or opinion. Example: Many readers complained that the article was biased against cyclists and ignored drivers' mistakes. Synonyms: one-sided, unfair, partial.
- credible (adjective)
- Able to be believed and trusted. Example: Before sharing news online, I check whether it comes from a credible source. Synonyms: believable, trustworthy, reliable.
- misleading (adjective)
- Giving a wrong idea or impression on purpose or by accident. Example: That misleading headline suggested the pool would close, when only its sauna needs repairs. Synonyms: deceptive, confusing.
- exclusive (adjective)
- Available to only one person, group or media outlet. Example: One network secured an exclusive interview with the astronaut before her mission next spring. Synonyms: sole, private, restricted.
- mainstream (adjective)
- Accepted or followed by most ordinary people. Example: Podcasting felt experimental ten years ago, but now it is completely mainstream entertainment. Synonyms: conventional, widely accepted.
- animated (adjective)
- Made using drawings or computer images that appear to move. Example: We chose an animated film for movie night so the whole family could enjoy it. Synonyms: cartoon-style, drawn.
- overrated (adjective)
- Considered better than it truly deserves to be. Example: Honestly, I found the award-winning series overrated after all the praise from my coworkers. Synonyms: overhyped, overpraised.
- gripping (adjective)
- So exciting that it holds your full attention. Example: That podcast about a missing ship was so gripping that I missed my bus stop. Synonyms: riveting, compelling.
- sensational (adjective)
- Presented in a shocking way to attract attention. Example: Sensational reports about the escaped snake turned a small story into city-wide panic. Synonyms: shocking, dramatic.
- widely (adverb)
- By or among many people; to a large extent. Example: Results of the housing survey were widely reported before council met on Tuesday. Synonyms: broadly, extensively.
- publicly (adverb)
- In a way that is open for everyone to see or know. Example: After the mix-up, the station publicly apologized to viewers during the evening news. Synonyms: openly, in public.
Topic 18: Lifestyle & Daily Life
Words for routines, habits, errands and work-life balance.
- routine (noun)
- A fixed series of things you do regularly. Example: My morning routine includes stretching, a quick shower, and coffee before the kids wake up. Synonyms: regimen, pattern.
- errand (noun)
- A short trip to do a small, useful task. Example: On Saturdays I run one errand at a time so the whole day never feels rushed. Synonyms: task, small job.
- chore (noun)
- A regular, often boring household task. Example: Washing dishes is the one chore my roommate and I always argue about. Synonyms: duty, housework.
- leisure (noun)
- Free time used for rest and enjoyment. Example: After a hectic week, I spend my leisure reading quietly by the window. Synonyms: free time, recreation.
- hobby (noun)
- An activity you enjoy doing in your spare time. Example: Photography became my main hobby after I moved to a neighbourhood full of murals. Synonyms: interest, pursuit.
- habit (noun)
- Something you do often without thinking about it. Example: Checking my phone first thing became a habit I am slowly trying to break. Synonyms: custom, practice.
- pastime (noun)
- An activity done regularly for enjoyment. Example: Baking bread on Sundays is a relaxing pastime my whole family looks forward to. Synonyms: diversion, amusement.
- well-being (noun)
- The state of being healthy, happy and comfortable. Example: Getting outside every day does wonders for my well-being during the long winter months. Synonyms: wellness, contentment.
- balance (noun)
- A healthy mix between work and personal life. Example: Leaving my laptop at the office helped me find a better balance between work and home. Synonyms: equilibrium, harmony.
- downtime (noun)
- Time spent relaxing rather than working. Example: Even a little downtime after supper helps me feel ready for the next day. Synonyms: rest, break.
- lifestyle (noun)
- The general way a person lives day to day. Example: Moving downtown gave us a busier lifestyle, with less driving and more walking everywhere. Synonyms: way of life, living pattern.
- nap (noun)
- A short sleep, usually taken during the day. Example: A quick twenty-minute nap after lunch keeps me alert right through my afternoon meetings. Synonyms: snooze, catnap.
- wardrobe (noun)
- All the clothes that a person owns. Example: Before winter, I sort my wardrobe and give away anything I no longer wear. Synonyms: clothing, closet.
- ritual (noun)
- A regular action done in a set, familiar way. Example: Our bedtime ritual with the toddler includes a warm bath and two short stories. Synonyms: custom, observance.
- upkeep (noun)
- The regular care needed to keep something in good shape. Example: Basic upkeep of my bike, like oiling the chain, saves money on repairs later. Synonyms: maintenance, care.
- moderation (noun)
- Doing something within sensible, healthy limits. Example: My doctor said sweets are fine in moderation, as long as I stay active. Synonyms: restraint, self-control.
- solitude (noun)
- The peaceful state of being alone. Example: A quiet hour of solitude each morning helps me plan the day calmly. Synonyms: seclusion, privacy.
- socialize (verb)
- To spend friendly time with other people. Example: Since retiring, my father loves to socialize at the community centre every Tuesday. Synonyms: mingle, mix.
- unwind (verb)
- To relax after a period of work or stress. Example: After my shift, I unwind by walking the dog around the block twice. Synonyms: de-stress, loosen up.
- juggle (verb)
- To manage several tasks or duties at once. Example: Many parents juggle jobs, childcare, and errands without ever seeming to slow down. Synonyms: manage, handle.
- refresh (verb)
- To make someone feel less tired and more lively. Example: A cold glass of water and some fresh air can refresh you during a dull afternoon. Synonyms: revive, reinvigorate.
- procrastinate (verb)
- To delay doing something you should do now. Example: Whenever I procrastinate on laundry, the basket somehow doubles in size by Friday. Synonyms: delay, put off.
- declutter (verb)
- To remove things you no longer need from a space. Example: Every spring we declutter the garage and drop unused tools at the donation depot. Synonyms: clear out, streamline.
- rearrange (verb)
- To change how things are organized or placed. Example: On slow weekends I rearrange the living room just to make the space feel new. Synonyms: reorganize, reorder.
- relax (verb)
- To rest and let go of tension or worry. Example: My grandmother likes to relax on the porch with tea once the dishes are done. Synonyms: rest, calm down.
- rejuvenate (verb)
- To make someone feel young, fresh and full of energy. Example: A weekend at the lake never fails to rejuvenate me before a busy month. Synonyms: renew, restore.
- simplify (verb)
- To make something easier or less complicated. Example: Meal-planning on Sundays helps simplify our hectic weekday evenings a great deal. Synonyms: streamline, ease.
- recharge (verb)
- To rest and get your energy back. Example: A quiet weekend at the cottage lets me recharge before another hectic stretch at work. Synonyms: revitalize, refuel.
- jog (verb)
- To run at a slow, steady pace for exercise. Example: Before breakfast I jog along the river path while the neighbourhood is still quiet. Synonyms: run, trot.
- meditate (verb)
- To sit quietly and calm the mind for a while. Example: Learning to meditate for ten minutes daily has helped me sleep far better. Synonyms: reflect, contemplate.
- postpone (verb)
- To move an event or task to a later time. Example: We had to postpone game night because half the group was feeling under the weather. Synonyms: delay, reschedule.
- punctual (adjective)
- Arriving or happening exactly on time. Example: Being punctual for appointments shows respect for the other people waiting on their busy days. Synonyms: prompt, on time.
- hectic (adjective)
- Very busy and full of fast activity. Example: Mornings feel hectic when both kids need lunches packed and buses arrive early. Synonyms: frantic, chaotic.
- spontaneous (adjective)
- Done suddenly, without planning ahead. Example: A spontaneous trip to the farmers' market turned into the best part of our weekend. Synonyms: impulsive, unplanned.
- tidy (adjective)
- Neat, with everything in its proper place. Example: Keeping the entryway tidy makes the whole apartment feel calmer and larger. Synonyms: neat, orderly.
- mundane (adjective)
- Ordinary and dull, lacking excitement. Example: Even mundane chores feel lighter when I play a podcast while doing them. Synonyms: dull, humdrum.
- sedentary (adjective)
- Involving much sitting and little exercise. Example: Office work can be sedentary, so I stretch and take short walks each hour. Synonyms: inactive, desk-bound.
- restful (adjective)
- Calm and helping you to relax. Example: A restful evening without screens leaves me far readier for Monday morning. Synonyms: peaceful, soothing.
- active (adjective)
- Busy doing physical things and moving often. Example: Staying active through winter, I joined a badminton group at the local gym. Synonyms: dynamic, sprightly.
- carefree (adjective)
- Free from worry and responsibility. Example: Summer evenings feel carefree once the school year's busy schedules finally pause. Synonyms: relaxed, untroubled.
- tedious (adjective)
- Boring because it takes a long time. Example: Sorting a year of receipts is tedious, but it makes tax season much smoother. Synonyms: tiresome, monotonous.
- energetic (adjective)
- Having lots of energy and enthusiasm. Example: My cousin stays energetic all day, juggling volunteer shifts and evening dance classes. Synonyms: vigorous, spirited.
- laid-back (adjective)
- Relaxed and not easily worried. Example: Our new neighbours have a laid-back style, often chatting on the porch after dinner. Synonyms: easygoing, mellow.
- occasionally (adverb)
- Now and then, but not often. Example: We occasionally skip our routine and order takeout when everyone is too tired to cook. Synonyms: sometimes, now and then.
- regularly (adverb)
- Happening at repeated, even intervals. Example: Watering the plants regularly is the one habit I never seem to forget. Synonyms: frequently, steadily.
- consistently (adverb)
- In a steady way that does not change much. Example: Going to bed at the same hour consistently improved how rested I feel. Synonyms: reliably, dependably.
- wind down (phrasal verb)
- To gradually relax at the end of a busy day. Example: I wind down at night by dimming the lights and setting my phone aside. Synonyms: settle down, decompress.
- drop by (phrasal verb)
- To visit someone briefly without much planning. Example: Feel free to drop by after work; we usually eat around six on Fridays. Synonyms: visit, pop in.
- sleep in (phrasal verb)
- To sleep later than usual in the morning. Example: On statutory holidays I let myself sleep in and skip the alarm entirely. Synonyms: lie in, sleep late.
- hang out (phrasal verb)
- To spend relaxed time with friends. Example: My teenager likes to hang out with friends at the library after classes end. Synonyms: spend time, get together.
Topic 19: Cities & Urban Life
Vocabulary for downtown living, development and shared city spaces.
- downtown (noun)
- The central business area of a city. Example: Every Friday, downtown fills with office workers heading to restaurants along the waterfront. Synonyms: city centre, core.
- density (noun)
- How closely people or buildings are packed into an area. Example: Higher density near the station means more shops within a short walk of home. Synonyms: concentration, crowding.
- infrastructure (noun)
- The basic systems a city needs, like roads and pipes. Example: Aging infrastructure forced the city to replace water mains under several older streets. Synonyms: public works, framework.
- development (noun)
- The building of new homes, offices or facilities. Example: A large housing development is planned for the empty lot beside the transit hub. Synonyms: building project, growth.
- zoning (noun)
- Rules that decide what can be built in each area. Example: New zoning now allows small cafés on the ground floor of apartment towers. Synonyms: land-use rules, planning code.
- high-rise (noun)
- A very tall building with many floors. Example: From our balcony in the high-rise, we can see the whole harbour at sunset. Synonyms: tower, skyscraper.
- amenity (noun)
- A useful or pleasant feature that adds comfort. Example: The new complex offers amenities like a gym, a rooftop garden, and bike storage. Synonyms: facility, feature.
- expansion (noun)
- The process of growing larger in size or area. Example: Rapid expansion of the suburbs has pushed new schools far beyond the old city limits. Synonyms: enlargement, spread.
- construction (noun)
- The work of building roads, homes or other structures. Example: Construction near the bridge slowed traffic for months but finally added two new lanes. Synonyms: building work, assembly.
- skyline (noun)
- The outline of city buildings against the sky. Example: Tourists gather at the pier each evening to photograph the glowing skyline. Synonyms: cityscape, horizon.
- landmark (noun)
- A well-known building or place people easily recognize. Example: An old clock tower remains a landmark that visitors use to find their way. Synonyms: monument, sight.
- greenery (noun)
- Trees, grass and plants in an area. Example: Planners added greenery along the avenue to soften the look of concrete and glass. Synonyms: vegetation, plants.
- sidewalk (noun)
- A paved path beside a road for people walking. Example: Widening the sidewalk let local cafés add patio seating without blocking busy pedestrians. Synonyms: footpath, walkway.
- plaza (noun)
- An open public square in a town or city. Example: On summer nights, the plaza outside city hall hosts free concerts for families. Synonyms: square, courtyard.
- district (noun)
- A part of a city known for a particular use or character. Example: Once a warehouse district, this area has turned into a lively cluster of studios. Synonyms: quarter, zone.
- rooftop (noun)
- The flat top of a building, often used as space. Example: Several buildings now grow vegetables on the rooftop to cool the floors below. Synonyms: roof deck, terrace.
- boulevard (noun)
- A wide city street, often lined with trees. Example: A shaded boulevard runs from the museum straight down to the riverside park. Synonyms: avenue, thoroughfare.
- hub (noun)
- A central place where much activity happens. Example: Once renovated, the station became a busy hub linking buses, trains, and bike lanes. Synonyms: centre, focal point.
- gentrification (noun)
- The change of a poorer area into a wealthier one. Example: Gentrification brought new shops to the block but raised rents for longtime residents. Synonyms: upscaling, renewal.
- outskirts (noun)
- The outer parts of a town, far from the centre. Example: Housing on the outskirts costs less, though the commute downtown takes far longer. Synonyms: edges, fringes.
- revitalize (verb)
- To bring new life and energy to a place. Example: The council hopes to revitalize the old market square with lighting and weekend stalls. Synonyms: renew, regenerate.
- modernize (verb)
- To update something to a newer, current style. Example: Crews will modernize the library with better lighting, wider aisles, and study pods. Synonyms: update, refurbish.
- demolish (verb)
- To knock down a building completely. Example: Workers will demolish the vacant factory to make room for a public park. Synonyms: tear down, raze.
- sprawl (verb)
- To spread outward over a large, uneven area. Example: As the city grows, new subdivisions sprawl across fields that were once farmland. Synonyms: spread, expand.
- beautify (verb)
- To make a place look more attractive. Example: Volunteers gathered on Saturday to beautify the dim underpass with a bright community mural. Synonyms: adorn, spruce up.
- flourish (verb)
- To grow well and become successful. Example: Small businesses flourish along the avenue now that foot traffic has returned. Synonyms: thrive, prosper.
- populate (verb)
- To fill an area with people who live there. Example: Young families quickly populate the new towers as soon as the transit line reaches the district. Synonyms: fill, settle.
- overlook (verb)
- To have a view over something from above. Example: Our apartment windows overlook a small courtyard that is full of tall maple trees. Synonyms: face, look onto.
- pave (verb)
- To cover a road or path with a hard surface. Example: City crews will pave the gravel lane so cyclists can finally use it safely. Synonyms: surface, tarmac.
- erect (verb)
- To build or put up a structure. Example: Developers plan to erect two condo towers where the old parkade once stood. Synonyms: build, put up.
- span (verb)
- To stretch across from one side to another. Example: A new pedestrian bridge will span the river, linking both riverside neighbourhoods. Synonyms: cross, bridge.
- widen (verb)
- To make something broader or wider. Example: Plans to widen the main road should ease the daily crush near the arena. Synonyms: broaden, enlarge.
- urban (adjective)
- Relating to a city or town. Example: Urban gardens on empty lots give apartment dwellers a place to grow food. Synonyms: city, built-up.
- overcrowded (adjective)
- Holding far more people than there is room for. Example: Buses grow overcrowded at rush hour, so the city added two express routes. Synonyms: packed, jammed.
- vibrant (adjective)
- Full of life, colour and energy. Example: The night market makes the harbour district feel vibrant well past midnight. Synonyms: dynamic, buzzing.
- metropolitan (adjective)
- Relating to a large, busy city and its area. Example: Our metropolitan region now stretches across three former towns and countless suburbs. Synonyms: cosmopolitan, city-wide.
- bustling (adjective)
- Full of busy, noisy activity. Example: A bustling farmers' market takes over the main square in our town every Saturday morning. Synonyms: busy, teeming.
- noisy (adjective)
- Full of loud, often unpleasant sound. Example: Living above a noisy intersection, we learned to sleep through honking and sirens. Synonyms: loud, clamorous.
- walkable (adjective)
- Easy and pleasant to explore on foot. Example: Buyers love the walkable neighbourhood, where shops and schools sit minutes from home. Synonyms: pedestrian-friendly, strollable.
- residential (adjective)
- Made up mainly of homes rather than businesses. Example: Quiet residential streets turn lively only when children walk home from school. Synonyms: suburban, housing.
- central (adjective)
- Located in or near the middle of the city. Example: Their central location means everything, from clinics to cinemas, sits within walking distance. Synonyms: middle, inner-city.
- industrial (adjective)
- Relating to factories and the making of goods. Example: Old industrial waterfront lots are slowly turning into lofts, galleries, and cafés. Synonyms: manufacturing, factory.
- cosmopolitan (adjective)
- Full of people and influences from many countries. Example: Vancouver feels wonderfully cosmopolitan, with restaurants, festivals and shops drawn from cultures all around the world. Synonyms: multicultural, worldly.
- compact (adjective)
- Small and neatly fitted into a limited space. Example: A compact city design keeps homes, jobs, and parks close together within easy reach. Synonyms: condensed, space-saving.
- leafy (adjective)
- Having many trees and much greenery. Example: They chose a leafy street where tall maples shade the sidewalks all summer. Synonyms: green, tree-lined.
- increasingly (adverb)
- More and more as time passes. Example: Younger buyers increasingly choose smaller condos close to transit over distant houses. Synonyms: progressively, more and more.
- vertically (adverb)
- In an upward direction; straight up. Example: As land grew scarce, the downtown core expanded vertically, adding towers instead of spreading into farmland. Synonyms: upward, skyward.
- nearby (adverb)
- A short distance away; close at hand. Example: Residents wanted a clinic built nearby so seniors would not have to travel far. Synonyms: close by, not far.
- spring up (phrasal verb)
- To appear or develop suddenly and quickly. Example: New coffee shops spring up along the greenway almost as fast as the condos do. Synonyms: appear, pop up.
- tear down (phrasal verb)
- To pull down a building or structure completely. Example: City council voted to tear down the crumbling overpass and plant gardens in its place. Synonyms: knock down, raze.
Works everywhere
Essential CELPIP vocabulary
These cross-topic words appear in almost every CELPIP task: stating an opinion in a survey response, comparing options in Speaking, or summarising a viewpoint in Reading. Knowing them cold frees your attention for the topic itself.
- advantagea helpful or favourable factor
- disadvantagea factor that makes something harder
- consequencea result of an action
- impacta strong effect on something
- benefita helpful result or gain
- concerna worry about something
- solutiona way to fix a problem
- challengea difficult task or situation
- opportunitya chance to do something positive
- recommendationa suggestion about what to do
- alternativeanother available choice
- significantimportant or large in effect
- effectiveproducing the intended result
- practicalsensible and realistic
- convenienteasy and time-saving
- affordablepriced within reach
- essentialabsolutely necessary
- appropriateright for the situation
- contributeto add or give to something
- improveto make something better
Upgrade your word choices
Synonyms & better word choices
Repeating basic words like good and bad limits your Writing and Speaking scores. These swaps add range, but always choose by meaning and context, never just to sound sophisticated.
A natural, common word used correctly always scores better than an impressive word used incorrectly. If you are not sure a synonym fits, keep the simpler choice.
Test yourself
Vocabulary in context
CELPIP never asks for definitions. It asks you to understand and use words inside real sentences. Choose the word that fits each gap, then read why.
The city introduced new bike lanes to reduce traffic during rush hour.
Choose the word that fits the sentence best.
Small words, easy marks
Commonly confused words
Mixing these pairs up is one of the fastest ways to lose accuracy marks in CELPIP Writing, and they are easy points once you know the difference.
affect vs. effect
Affect is the verb (to influence); effect is the noun (the result).
The strike affected transit, and the effect lasted for weeks.
advice vs. advise
Advice is the noun; advise is the verb.
She advised me to save, and it was good advice.
accept vs. except
Accept means to agree or receive; except means excluding.
I accept every shift except the Sunday one.
fewer vs. less
Fewer goes with countable nouns; less with uncountable ones.
Fewer cars on the road means less pollution.
economic vs. economical
Economic relates to the economy; economical means money-saving.
Economic growth is up, and my new car is very economical.
principal vs. principle
Principal is the main one (or a school head); a principle is a rule or belief.
The principal reason I volunteer is a matter of principle.
rise vs. raise
Rise happens on its own; raise needs an object.
Prices rise every year, so my employer raised my salary.
its vs. it's
Its shows possession; it's is short for it is.
It's a friendly city, known for its parks.
What do candidates ask about CELPIP vocabulary?
What test takers usually ask about building vocabulary for the CELPIP test and how to use this page well.
CELPIP tests everyday Canadian English, so focus on vocabulary for work, housing, community life, health, shopping, transportation and public services rather than academic word lists. The 20 topics on this page mirror the situations CELPIP tasks draw on again and again across Reading, Listening, Writing and Speaking.
There is no official CELPIP word list or required count. A focused set like the 1,000 topic-grouped words here is a realistic target: it is large enough to cover the test's common situations, and small enough that you can actually learn each word's meaning, register and usage instead of memorising lists.
Learn words in context rather than in isolation: read each example sentence, then write or say your own sentence with the word. Study one topic at a time, review the previous day's words before starting new ones, and use fresh vocabulary immediately in practice tests so it moves into your active vocabulary.
No, precision matters more than difficulty. CELPIP raters reward clear, natural, accurate word choice at a conversational-to-semi-formal register. Forcing rare or overly academic words usually sounds unnatural and can lower your score, while a well-chosen everyday word raises it.
Build the word groups Writing tasks lean on: stating opinions, comparing options, describing causes and effects, and making recommendations. Practise replacing repeated basic words such as good, bad and thing with more precise choices, then apply them in full email and survey-response tasks under timed conditions.
Speaking tasks ask you to advise, describe, compare, persuade and explain, so practise brainstorming topic vocabulary quickly: give yourself 30 seconds to list words for a topic like transit or housing before answering. Recording timed answers and reviewing which words you overuse shows you exactly where to expand.
Yes, lexical range is part of how Writing and Speaking are assessed, and synonyms let you avoid repeating the same basic words. Choose a synonym only when it truly fits the meaning and register of the sentence; a natural common word always beats an impressive but slightly wrong one.
Study in small daily sets of 10 to 15 words, always with the definition, an example sentence and a synonym or two. Test yourself in context, like this page's vocabulary quiz, rather than word-by-word, and use translations only as a bridge to understanding: the goal is to think in English as quickly as possible.
The most common are forcing memorised advanced words into places they do not fit, using the wrong collocation (for example, saying make a photo instead of take a photo), mixing registers such as slang in a formal email, and confusing similar pairs like affect and effect. Accuracy and naturalness beat ambition.
A stronger vocabulary speeds up Reading, makes Listening easier to follow, and gives you precise choices in Writing and Speaking, so all four scores benefit. Pair vocabulary study with full practice tests so every new word is met again in a realistic test situation.
Ready to meet these words on a real test?
Take a free CELPIP practice test and watch for today's vocabulary in the passages, audio and prompts.
